CONTENTS
Foreword
PROCEEDINGS OF EXPERT CONSULTATION
Ⅰ INTRODUCTION = 1
Ⅱ SUMMARIES OF PAPERS AND DISCUSSIONS = 3
Ⅲ RECOMMENDATIONS = 24
Ⅳ AGENDA = 28
Ⅴ LIST OF PARTICIPANTS = 29
CONSULTANTS' WORKING PAPERS
APPENDIX Ⅰ ASSESSMENT OF POPULATION SUPPORTING CAPACITIES OVERALL COMPUTER PROGRAMS / M.M. Shah and G. Fischer = 31
1. Introduction = 32
2. Structure of Computer Program = 32
3. Computer Requirements = 37
Appendix 1 : Examples of Results = 42
Table 1-2 Cell example : Kenya = 47-51
3. Comparison of Mode 1 results for three technology levels and without land conservation measures = 52
4. Comparison of Mode 1-3 results for three technology levels and with / without land conservation measures = 53
5. Comparison of Mode 1-3 results for three technology levels and with / without land degradation = 54
Figure 1. Agro-ecological program and data base for crop and livestock = 38
2. Optimal crop mix program = 39
3. Alternative runs for assessment of human supporting capacity = 40
APPENDIX Ⅱ RATINGS OF FAO ／ UNESCO SOIL UNITS FOR SPECIFIC CROP PRODUCTION / C. Sys and J. Riquier = 55
1. Introduction = 57
2. Principles and Assumption = 58
3. Soil Requirements of Rainfed Crops = 61
4. Evaluation of Soil Units for Rainfed Production = 75
5. Soil Requirements for Irrigation = 89
6. Evaluation of Soil Units for Irrigation = 93
Table 1. List of crops selected for formulation of soil requirements = 59
2. Attributes of the three rainfed land utilization types = 60
3. Evaluation of slope classes = 62
4. Evaluation of drainage classes = 63
5. Calcium carbonate requirements = 67
6. Gypsum requirements = 68
7. Natural fertility levels of soil units = 69
8. Soil requirements of rainfed crops = 70-73
9. Ratings of soil units for specific rainfed crop production and irrigation = 78-85
10. Phase modification = 86-87
APPENDIX Ⅲ AGRO-CLIMATIC SUITABILITY CLASSIFICATION FOR RAINFED CROPS OF WINTER BARLEY, UPLAND RICE, GROUNDNUT, SUGARCANE, BANANA ／ PLANTAIN AND OIL PALM IN AFRICA / A.H. Kassam = 97
1. Introduction = 97
2. Methodology = 99
3. Anticipated yields and suitability classification = 118
Table 1. Food crops and major climates considered = 100
2. Attributes of land utilization types considered = 103
3. average photosynthesis response of individual leaves of four groups of crops to radiation and temperature = 105
4. Climatic adaptability attributes of crops = 106
5. Major climates in Africa = 108
6. Occurrence of growing period zones by major climates = 109
7. Crop characteristics considered in the biomass and yield calculations = 112-113
8. Potential net biomass ($$B_n$$) and ($$B_y$$) of crops = 114-115
9. Agro-climatic constraints by crops and input level = 116-117
10. Agro-climatic suitability classification and yield of crops by length of growing period = 120-121
APPENDIX Ⅳ MULTIPLE CROPPING AND RAINFED CROP PRODUCTIVITY IN AFRICA / A.H. Kassam = 123
1. Introduction = 125
2. Multiple Cropping = 126
3. Production under Intercropping = 129
4. Production under Sequential Cropping = 132
5. Productivity Bar Charts = 146
Table 1. Definition of multiple cropping patterns = 127
2. Related terminology used in multiple cropping systems = 127
3. Important rainfed cropping patterns in Africa, generalized according to major climates and length of growing periods = 130
4. Examples of the intercropping effect under experimental conditions = 131
5. Suggested land equivalent ratios at different input levels by length of growing period and crop suitability rating in the tropical and subtropical summer rainfed areas = 132
6. Types o rainfall distribution in tropical and subtropical summer rainfall areas in Africa, and their status in the climatic inventory of the Agro-ecological Zones Project = 134
7. Classification of stations according to rainfall distribution type in tropical and subtropical summer rainfall areas in Africa = 136
8. Food crops and major climates considered = 139
9. Growth periods of crops considered = 140
10. Suggested losses due to agro-climatic constraints in the second and third crop by agro-climatic suitability rating = 140
11. Corresponding lengths of longer and shorter growing periods, and long (inventoried) and short (not inventoried) growing period zones for Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda = 143
12. Percentage of the total area affected by two growing periods in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda by length of the longer growing period as inventoried = 146
13. Crop yields and productivity, and productivity classes by length of growing perido for low, intermediate and high input levels for areas with continuous growing period = 148-189
14. Crop productivity from the two growing periods for low, intermediate and high input levels for areas with discontinuous growing period in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda = 190-193
Figure 1. Rainfall distribution types = 135
2. Rainfall types in East Africa = 137
3. Relationship between annual rainfall and the length of the longer growing period in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda = 144
4. Relationship between annual rainfall and the length of the shorter growing period in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda = 145
APPENDIX Ⅴ REST PERIOD REQUIREMENTS OF TROPICAL AND SUTROPICAL SOILS UNDER ANNUAL CROPS / A. Young and A.C.S. Wright = 197
1. Aim and origin = 201
2. basis and Assumptions = 204
3. Functions of the Rest Period = 208
4. Method o Investigation = 213
5. Results = 234
6. Discussion = 246
Appendix A : Examples of questionnaire sent out = 254
Appendix B : Extracts from the computerized data bank = 257
Appendix C : Original results of the Africa / Asia study and the America study = 261
Table 1. Climatic classes use as basis for assessment of the cultivation factor = 205
2. Soil classes used as basis for Assessment of the cultivation factor = 207
3. Questionnaire replies received = 219
4. Gains and losses of soil Humus Carbon in rain forest and savanna environments = 227
5. Gains and losses of soil nitrogen in rain forest and savanna environments = 227
6. Data matrices for estimation of the cultivation factor = 231
7. Cultivation factors-Input level 1 : low = 235
8. Cultivation factors-Input level 2 : intermediate = 236
9. Cultivation factors-Input level 3 : high = 237
10. Cultivation factors-Other soil types = 338
11. Cultivation factors-Comparison of Africa / Asia study with America study = 247
Figure 1. Location of data sources, Africa = 220
2. Location of data sources, Asia = 221
APPENDIX Ⅵ THE ALLOCATION OF IRRIGATED AREAS AND PRODUCTION BY AGRO-ECOLOGICAL ZONES / S.R. Wood = 269
1. Introduction = 271
2. Data Sources = 271
3. Allocation Methodology for Irrigated Areas = 271
4. Conversion from Area to Calorie / Protein Units = 275
5. Appendices-Sample Results for Africa (in tabular form) = 277
Table 1. Permissible soil / climate parameters for consideration of land inventory entries in Africa = 272
2. Crop rules for assessing irrigation suitability-Africa = 274
3. Scoring system for soil units in Africa = 274
4. Calorie and protein conversion for Africa per 100g of food product = 276
APPENDIX Ⅶ LAND RESOURCES AND ANIMAL PRODUCTION / A. Blair Rains and A.H. Kassam = 303
1. Introduction = 305
2. Background = 305
3. Primary Production = 306
4. Secondary Production = 311
5. Method of Calculating Animal Production = 317
6. Human Supporting Capacity = 322
7. Improved Animal Productivity = 323
8. Estimated Livestock Production by Growing Period Zones = 323
Table 1. Rainfall and yield of grass = 308
2. Browse : Digestible crude protein as a percentage of dry matter and yields = 309
3. Primary production of fodder from average upland soils in the winter and summer rainfall areas = 310
4. Effect of woody plant competition on fodder yields in summer rainfall zones = 311
5. Dry weight of fodder that can be utilized by live-stoc in the winter and summer rainfall zones in the upland areas = 318
6. Livestock products and yield for cattle, camels, goats and sheep = 320
7. Calorie and protein production from sheep in the winter rainfall areas = 321
8. Calorie and protein production from cattle in the summer rainfall areas = 321
9. Human supporting capacity from livestock production in the summer and winter rainfall areas = 322
10. Additional inputs and yields = 324
11. Attributes of land utilization types considered for primary production = 325
12. Attributes of land utilization types considered for secondary production = 326
13. Calorie and protein production in summer rainfall areas = 328
14. Calorie and protein production in winter rainfall areas = 329
Figure 1. Glossina tachinoides and G. palpalis in Africa = 315
2. Glossina morsitans in Africa = 316
WORKING SHEET 1. CROPS USED IN THE ASSESSMENT = 333
2. CALORIE / PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS BY COUNTRIES = 334
3. MODES OF CALCULATION OF RESULTS = 335
4. SEED AND WASTE = 336
5. CLIMATE DESCRIPTION = 337
6. LENGTHS OF GROWING PERIOD CONES = 338
7. COUNTRY CODE = 339
8. INTERNATIONAL NUTRITIVE VALUES TO E USED FOR CALCULATED ENERGY VALUE OF 100g OF FOOD PRODUCT = 340
9. DEGRADATION HAZARD EVALUATION = 341
10. THE AGRO-ECOLOGICAL ZONE LAND INVENTORY = 353
1. Introduction = 353
2. The Climatic Inventory = 353
3. The Soil Inventory = 362
4. The Land Inventory = 360
Table 1. Characteristics and extents of major climates = 355
Figure 1. Generalized climatic inventory-Africa = 360
Figure 2. Generalized climatic Inventory-Southwest Asia = 361
