상세정보

Examines the importance of mineral resources in modern society and explores the complex relationships between the geologic, engineering, environmental, economic and political concerns that control our mineral supply.

정보제공 :

CONTENTS
1 Mineral Resources = 1
 Our Mineral Resource Crisis = 1
 Factors Controlling Mineral Availability = 4
  Geologic Factors = 4
  Engineering Factors = 4
  Environmental Factors = 5
  Economic Factors = 5
 Minerals and Global Economic Patterns = 5
 The New Era of World Minerals = 9
2 Origin of Mineral Deposits = 10
 Geologic Setting of Mineral Deposits = 10
 Geologic Characteristics of Mineral Deposits = 12
 Ore-Forming Processes = 14
  Surface and Near-Surface Ore-Forming Processes =15
   Weathering and Soils = 15
   Sedimentary Processes = 17
  Subsurface Ore-Forming Processes = 18
   Aqueous and Hydrocarbon Ore-Forming Systems = 18
    Movement of Aqueous and Hydrocarbon Fluids in the Crust = 18
    Groundwater Systems = 19
    Hydrothermal Systems = 21
    Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Systems = 25
   Magmatic Ore-Forming Systems = 26
 Distribution of Mineral Deposits in Space and Time = 28
 Conclusions = 29
3 Environmental Geochemistry and Mineral Resources = 30
 Principles of Environmental Geochemistry = 30
 Geochemical Reservoirs--Their Nature and Composition = 33
  Lithosphere = 33
  Hydrosphere = 35
  Atmosphere = 35
  Biosphere = 36
 Geochemical Cycles and the Dynamic Nature of Global Reservoirs = 39
  Geochemical Cycles = 39
  Natural Contamination = 40
  Anthropogenic Contamination = 42
   Acid Pollution = 43
   Global Change = 45
 Assessing and Remedying the Environmental Impact of Pollution = 47
  Sample Selection and Sample Statistics = 47
  Analytical Preparation and Methods = 48
  Risk and Dosage in Environmental Chemistry = 50
  Remediation = 51
 Conclusions = 54
4 Mineral Exploration and Production = 55
 Exploration Success Rates and Expenditures = 55
 Mineral Exploration, Personal Investments, and You = 56
 Mineral Exploration Methods = 56
  Prospecting and Random Exploration = 57
  Geological Exploration = 59
  Geochemical Exploration = 60
  Geophysical Exploration = 62
 Deposit Evaluation = 63
  Drilling = 63
  Reserve Estimations and Feasibility Analyses = 66
  Environmental Effects of Mineral Exploration = 67
 Mineral Extraction Methods = 67
  Mining = 68
  Pumping and Well Systems = 70
  Frontier Exploration and -Production = 72
  Environmental Effects of Mineral Extraction = 73
 Processing of Mineral Resources = 75
  Processing of Metal Ores = 75
  Processing of Fossil Fuels = 77
  Processing of Industrial Mineral Ores = 78
  Environmental Effects of Mineral Processing = 78
 Conclusions = 81
5 Mineral Law and Land Access = 82
 Types of Land and Mineral Ownership = 82
 Landownership and Law in the United States = 84
  U.S. Federal Land Laws = 85
   Discovery-Claim System = 85
   Mineral Leasing System = 87
   Administration of U.S. Mineral Laws = 88
  State and Local Mineral Laws in the United States = 90
 Mineral Ownership and Land Laws Outside the United States = 91
  Land Laws in Other Countries = 91
  Law of the Sea = 93
 Land Access and Land Policy = 93
  Land Withdrawal = 93
  Land Classification = 96
 Conclusions = 97
6 Mineral Economics = 9○
 Structure of the Mineral Industry = 9○
 Profits in the Mineral Industry = 102
  Differing Views of Mineral Profits = 102
  Accounting Methods and Mineral Profits = 103
  Distribution of Profits and Return on Investment = 104
 Mineral Commodity Prices and Mineral Profits = 105
  Mineral Commodity Prices = 105
  Price Controls and Cartels = 106
  Relation of Mineral Profits to Mineral Prices = 108
 Mineral Taxation and Mineral Profits = 109
  Income Tax and Depletion Allowances = 109
  Ad Valorem Taxes = 111
  Tariffs and Import Quotas = 113
  Relation Between Mineral Revenues and Taxation = 114
 Valuation of Mineral Deposits = 115
 Conclusions = 116
7 Energy Resources = 117
 Fossil Fuels = 117
  Coal = 117
   Geology and Global Distribution of Coal = 117
   Coal Production and Related Environmental Concerns = 119
   Coal Use and Quality = 124
   Coal Reserves, Resources, Trade, and Transport = 127
  Crude Oil and Natural Gas = 129
   Geology and Origin of Oil and Gas = 129
   Oil and Gas Production and Related Environmental Concerns = 131
   Oil and Gas Uses and Quality = 135
   Oil and Gas Reserves = 137
   Trade and Transport and Related Concerns = 139
   Frontier and Unconventional Sources of Oil and Gas = 143
  Heavy Oil and Tar Sands = 144
  Oil Shale = 145
 Other Energy Resources = 147
  Nuclear Energy = 147
   Geology and Reserves of Uranium = 147
   Mining and Processing of Uranium = 149
   Uranium Production, Resources, and Trade = 150
   Uranium Markets, Reactor Design, and Uranium Reserves = 151
   Nuclear Waste Disposal = 155
  Geothermal Energy = 157
 The Future of Energy Minerals = 161
8 Iron, Steel, and the Ferroalloy Metals = 164
 Iron and Steel = 164
  Iron Deposits = 166
  Iron Mining and Processing and Related Environmental Factors = 169
  Iron Ore Reserves, Transportation, and Trade = 170
  Steelmaking = 170
  Steel Production, Markets, and Trade = 172
 Ferroalloy Metals = 174
  Manganese = 174
   Manganese Deposits and Production = 174
   Manganese Reserves and Trade = 176
   Manganese Nodules = 177
  Nickel = 178
   Geology and Distribution of Nickel Deposits = 179
   Nickel Production and Related Environmental Concerns = 180
   Nickel Trade and Reserves = 181
  Chromium = 182
   Geology and Distribution of Chromium Deposits = 182
   Chromium Production, Trade, and Reserves = 186
  Silicon = 187
  Cobalt = 187
   Cobalt Deposits = 188
   Cobalt Production and Trade = 188
  Molybdenum = 189
  Vanadium = 190
  Tungsten = 192
  Other Ferroalloy Metals = 194
   Columbium (Niobium) = 194
   Tellurium = 194
 The Future of Ferrous Metals = 195
9 Nonferrous Metals = 196
 Light Metals = 196
  Aluminum = 197
   Geology of Bauxite and Other Aluminum Ore Deposits = 197
   Production of Bauxite and Aluminum = 200
   Aluminum Markets, Reserves, and Trade = 203
  Magnesium = 203
  Titanium = 205
  Beryllium = 207
 Base Metals = 207
  Copper = 207
   Geology of Copper Deposits = 208
   Copper Production and Environmental Concerns = 210
   Copper Markets, Reserves, and Trade = 212
  Lead and Zinc = 214
   Geology of Lead and Zinc Deposits = 214
   Lead and Zinc Production and Environmental Concerns = 216
   Lead and Zinc Markets, Trade, Reserves, and Related Environmental Concerns = 217
  Tin = 220
   Geology and Mining of Tin = 220
   Tin Reserves, Markets, and Trade = 223
 Chemical and Industrial Metals = 223
  Rare Earths = 224
  Cadmium = 226
  Antimony = 227
  Germanium = 228
  Arsenic = 228
  Rhenium = 229
  Mercury = 229
   Geology of Mercury Deposits and Mercury Reserves = 229
   Mercury Production, Uses, and Related Environmental Concerns = 230
  Other Chemical and Industrial Metals = 232
   Tantalum = 232
   Zirconium and Hafnium = 232
   Indium = 232
   Selenium = 233
   Bismuth = 233
   Thallium = 233
 The Future of Light, Base, and Chemical- Industrial Metals = 233
10 Precious Metals and Gems = 235
 Gold = 236
  Geology of Gold Deposits = 236
   Hydrothermal Deposits = 236
    Epithermal Deposits = 236
    Mesothermal Deposits = 238
   Placer and Paleoplacer Deposits = 239
   By-Product Gold = 241
  Gold Mining and South African Mine Labor = 241
  Gold Production and Related Environmental Concerns = 243
  Gold Production and Reserves = 246
  Gold Trade and Related Monetary Matters = 247
 Silver = 248
  Geology of Silver Deposits = 248
  Silver Mining, Production, Markets, Trade, and Reserves = 250
 Platinum-Group Elements = 251
  Geology of Platinum Deposits = 252
  Production of the Platinum-Group Elements = 254
  Platinum-Group Element Markets, Trade, and Reserves = 254
 Gems = 256
  Diamonds = 256
   Geology of Diamond Deposits = 256
   Diamond Mining and Production = 258
   Diamond Classification and Gem Diamond Trade and Reserves = 259
  The Beryl Group-Emeralds and Aquamarines = 261
  The Corundum Group-Rubies and Sapphires = 262
 The Future of Precious Metals and Gems = 262
11 Fertilizer and Chemical Industrial Minerals = 263
 Limestone, Dolomite, and Lime = 264
  Limestone and Dolomite Deposits and Production = 264
  Limestone and Lime Markets and Trade = 266
 Phosphate = 267
  Geology of Phosphate Deposits = 267
  Phosphate Production, Use, and Related Environmental Concerns = 268
  Phosphate Trade and Reserves = 270
 Salt = 271
  Salt Deposits and Production = 271
  Salt Markets and Trade = 275
 Potash = 276
  Potash Deposits, Production, and Environmental Concerns = 276
  Potash Trade and Reserves = 277
 Sulfur = 277
 Nitrogen Compounds and Nitrate = 279
  Nitrogen Deposits and Production = 279
  Nitrogen Fertilizers, Trade, and Related Environmental Concerns = 280
 Other Agricultural and Chemical Minerals = 281
  Fluorite = 281
  Iodine = 283
  Sodium Sulfate = 284
  Bromine = 285
 The Future of Fertilizer and Chemical Minerals = 286
12 Construction and Manufacturing Industrial Minerals = 287
 Construction Minerals = 287
  Cement = 287
   Cement Raw Materials and Production = 289
   Cement Markets and Trade = 290
   Environmental Damage to Concrete = 291
  Construction Aggregate-Crushed Stone and Sand and Gravel = 292
   Geology and Production of Aggregate = 292
   Environmental Impact of Aggregate Production = 293
  Dimension Stone = 293
  Lightweight Aggregate and Slag = 296
  Gypsum =296
 Fillers, Extenders, Pigments, and Filters = 297
  Clays = 297
  Asbestos = 300
   Geology and Production of Asbestos = 300
   Asbestos Markets, Trade, and Environmental Concerns = 301
  Diatomite = 303
  Talc and Pyrophyllite = 304
  Barite = 305
  Mica = 305
  Zeolites = 306
  Mineral Pigments = 306
 Glass Raw Materials = 307
  Quartz Sand = 308
  Soda Ash = 308
  Boron = 309
  Feldspar, Nepheline Syenite, and Aplite = 310
  Lithium = 310
  Strontium = 311
 Abrasive and Refractory Minerals = 311
  Industrial and Synthetic Diamond = 312
  Other Natural Abrasives = 313
  Graphite = 313
  Kyanite and Related Minerals = 314
 The Future of Construction and Manufacturing Minerals = 314
13 Global Mineral Reserves and Resources = 315
 Reserve and Resource Estimation Methods = 315
  Geological Estimates = 315
  Statistical Estimates = 316
  Combined Estimates = 317
 Factors That Affect the Adequacy of World Reserves = 318
  Stockpiles = 318
  Recycling = 319
 World Reserves and the Challenge for the Future = 321
References = 324
Appendix Ⅰ World Mineral Production, Reserves, and Reserve Base = 347
Appendix Ⅱ Minerals, Rocks, Geologic Time and Composition of the Crust = 360
Appendix Ⅲ Ore Minerals and Materials = 363
Appendix Ⅳ Units and Conversion Factors = 367
Glossary = 369
Index = 383