CONTENTS
PART ONE : THE QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF MASS POLITICAL VIOLENCE = 1
CHAPTER ONE Introduction = 3
CHAPTER TWO Mass Political ViolenceIts Scope and Measurement = 7
The Dimensions of Mass Political Violence = 9
Constructing Composite Measures of Mass Political Violence = 11
Summary = 16
PART TWO : SINGLE EQUATION HYPOTHESES AND PARTIAL THEORIES = 19
CHAPTER THREE Levels and Rates of Change in Socioeconomic Development = 21
Economic Development and Mass Violence = 21
Socioeconomic Change and Mass Violence = 31
Summary and Implications for a Larger Model = 41
CHAPTER FOUR Social Structural Imbalances and Systemic Frustration and Satisfaction = 43
Imbalances in Education and Economic Development = 44
Imbalances in Urbanization and Economic Development = 50
Further Imbalance Theories : Social Mobilization, and Government Performance and Social Welfare = 54
Summary and Interpretation = 62
Implications for a Multiequation Causal Sequence = 63
CHAPTER FIVE Sociocultural Differentiation and National Integration = 65
Differentiation and Mass Violence : Single Equation Models = 66
Toward a Multiequation Formulation = 71
Summary = 79
CHAPTER SIX The Behavior of Political Elites : Government Repression and Coups = 81
Elite Coercive Capability and Mass Violence = 82
Elite Repression and Mass Violence = 88
The Impact of Coups = 93
Predetermined Causes of Coups = 96
Predetermined Causes of Elite Repression = 109
Summary and Implications for a Multiequation Model = 112
CHAPTER SEVEN Domestic Political Structure : Political
Democracy, Totalitarian Communism, and Left Party Strength = 116
Political Democracy and Mass Violence = 116
Totalitarian Communism and Mass Violence = 121
Communist Parties and Mass Violence = 123
The NonCommunist Left and Mass Violence = 127
Summary = 130
PART THREE : MULTIEQUATION FORMULATIONS AND FINAL CAUSAL INFERENCES = 133
CHAPTER EIGHT A Multiequation Model of Mass Political Violence = 135
The Simultaneously Determined Ym Block : Mass Violence, Elite Repression, Coups, and Economic Change = 137
The Cultural Differentiation Block = 146
The Domestic Politics Block = 147
The Government PerformanceSocial Welfare Block = 150
Additional Predetermined Endogenous Influences = 151
Conclusion = 153
CHAPTER NINE Estimation Results and Causal Inferences = 154
The Simultaneously Determined Ym Block : Initial Estimation Results = 154
The Simultaneously Determined Ym Block : Revised Estimation Results = 165
Predetermined Causal Influences : Estimation Results = 173
Causal Inferences and Dynamic Implications = 178
Conclusion = 194
CHAPTER TEN Problems and Prospects = 196
Specification Error = 196
Aggregation of Data = 199
CrossSectional Analysis = 200
APPENDIX
1. Nations in the CrossNational Sample = 203
2. Variables in the Multiequation Model = 204
3. Estimation and Identification of Multiequation Causal Models = 206
Consistency and Ordinary Least Squares = 206
Instrumental Variables = 208
Simultaneous Equations and Instrumental Variables : Two Stage Least Squares = 210
The Identification Problem = 214
Identification in Block Recursive Models = 221
Lagged Endogenous Variables and Estimation Strategies = 222
Identification of the Multiequation Model = 225
4. Supplementary Instrumental VariablesTwo Stage Least Squares Estimation Results = 232
5. Values of Collective Protest D2 and Internal War D2 = 239
INDEX = 245