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This book tells the story of humanity's evolution from a scattering of hunter-gatherer bands to today's integrated global international political economy. It outlines the concept of international systems as a useful framework for all those interested in a big picture understanding of the evolution of human society from earliest times to the present.

This book tells the 60,000 year story of how humankind evolved from a scattering of hunter-gatherer bands to todays highly integrated global international political economy. It traces the evolution of ever-wider economic, societal and military-political international systems, and the interplay between these systems and the tribes, city states, empires, and modern states into which humans have organised themselves. Buzan and Little marry a wide range of mainstream
International Relations theories to a world historical perspective. They mount a stinging attack on International Relations as a discipline, arguing that its Eurocentrism, historical narrowness, and theoretical fragmentation have reduced almost to nothing both its cross-disclipinary influence and its
ability to think coherently about either the past or the future. Seeking to emulate and challenge the cross-disciplinary influence of the world systems model, the book recasts the study of International Relations into a macro-historical perspective, shows how its core concepts work across time, and sets out a new theoretical agenda and a new intellectual role for the discipline.

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CONTENTS

Preface = ⅶ

List of Figures = xvii

List of Maps = xviii

List of Tables = xix

Abbreviations = xx

INTRODUCTION = 1

PART Ⅰ : INTERNATIONAL SYSTEMS, WORLD HISTORY, AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THEORY = 15

 1. Sustems, History, Theroy, and the Study of International Relations = 17

  1. The Underdeveloped Conception of the International System = 18

  2. The HIstoriography of International Relations = 22

  3. World History = 30

  4. Why Prefer the Label 'International Systems'? = 32

  5. Conclusions = 33

 2. Competing Conceptions of the International System = 35

  1. Singer and the Behavioural Conception of the International System = 36

  2. Waltz and the Neorealist Conception of the International System = 39

  3. Wendt and the Constructivist Conception of the International System = 41

  4. Theoretical Pluralism and the Conception of the International System = 43

  5. Conclusions = 47

 3. Systemic Thinking in World History = 49

  1. Scientific and Philosophical World History = 49

  2. Divergent Approaches to World History = 52

  3. Conclusions = 67

 4. The Theoretical Toolkit of this Book = 68

  1. Levels of Analysis = 68

  2. Sectors of Analysis = 72

  3. Sources of Explanation = 77

  4. Conclusions = 88

 5. Eatablishing Criteria for International Systems = 90

  1. First Order Problems of Definition = 90

  2. Second Order Problems of Definition = 101

  3. Using the Toolkit : Theory Meets History = 108

PART Ⅱ : SYSTEMS IN PRE-INTERNATIONAL WORLD HISTORY = 111

 Introduction to Part Ⅱ = 111

 6. The Origins of Pre-international Systems = 115

  1. Theoretical Interest in the Pre-international = 115

  2. Units = 116

  3. Interaction Capacity = 119

  4. Process = 123

  5. Structure = 130

  6. Conclusions = 133

 7. The Transition from Pre-international to International Systems = 134

  1. Units = 137

  2. Interaction Capacity = 141

  3. Process = 145

  4. Structure = 156

 Conclusion to Part Ⅱ = 160

PART Ⅲ : THE RISE AND INTERLINKAGE OF MULTIPLE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEMS IN THE ANCIENT AND CLASSICAL WORLD = 163

 Introduction to Part Ⅲ = 163

 8. The New Units : City-States, Empires, and Barbarians as the Main Actors of the Ancient and Classical World = 167

  1. City-States and Empires = 167

  2. Nomadic Tribes and their Empires = 183

  3. Conclusions = 189

 9. Interaction Capacity in Ancient and Classical International Systems = 190

  1. Physical Technologies of Transportation and Communication = 193

  2. Social Technologies of Transportation and Communication = 199

  3. Conclusions = 214

 10. Process in Ancient and Classical International Systems = 216

  1. Military-Political Process = 217

  2. Economic Process = 219

  3. Societal Process = 223

  4. Environmental Process = 226

  5. Conclusions = 227

 11. Structure in Ancient and Classical International Systems = 228

  1. Military-Political Structure = 228

  2. Economic Structure = 233

  3. Societal Structure = 235

  4. Conclusions = 238

 Conclusion to Part Ⅲ = 239

PART Ⅳ : THE ESTABLISHMENT AND EVOLUTION OF A GLOBAL INTERNATIONAL SYSTMEM = 241

 Introduction to Part Ⅳ = 241

 12. Units in the Modern International System = 243

  1. Introduction = 243

  2. Europe and the Rise of the Modern State = 246

  3. The Evolution of the Modern State = 251

  4. The Spread of the Modern State and the Demise of Older Unit Types = 256

  5. The Development of Non-state Units = 266

  6. Conclusions = 274

 13. Interaction Capacity in the Modern International Syatem = 276

  1. Introduction = 276

  2. Physical Technologies = 276

  3. Social Technologies = 288

  4. Conclusions = 295

 14. Process in the Modern International System = 300

  1. Introduction = 300

  2. Military-Political Process = 302

  3. Economic Process = 306

  4. Societal Process = 316

  5. Environmental Process = 325

  6. Conclusions = 328

 15. Structure in the Modern International System = 330

  1. Introduction = 330

  2. Military-Political Structure = 331

  3. Economic Structure = 334

  4. Societal Structure = 336

  5. Conclusions = 341

 Conclusion to Part Ⅳ = 344

PART Ⅴ : SPECULATIONS, ASSESSMENTS, REFLECTIONS = 347

 16. Outlook : A Postmodern International System? = 349

  1. Introduction = 349

  2. Scale = 350

  3. Interaction Capacity = 350

  4. Process = 353

  5. Units = 358

  6. Structure = 362

  7. Conclusions = 368

 17. What World History Tells us about International Relations Theory = 369

  1. International System = 369

  2. Units = 374

  3. Interaction Capacity = 378

  4. Process = 379

  5. Structure = 382

  6. Conclusions = 385

 18. What International Relatios Theory Tells us about world History = 386

  1. Periodization and World History = 386

  2. Periodization and IR Theory = 389

  3. Competing Approaches to the Periodization of World History = 393

  4. Summary of the Chronology of World History Derived from our Framework = 405

 19. Reflections = 407

  1. World History and International Systems = 407

  2. Weak and Strong International Systems = 409

  3. An End and a Beginning = 414

References = 417

Glossary = 440

Index = 443