상세정보

The impetus for this book was the desire to systematically organize the extant literature on the conservation of cultural property made of wood, from its beginnings before the Christian Era to the year 2000. Various published reviews and monographs, including Holzkonservierung (Wood Conserva­ tion) published by the senior author in 1988, have appeared over the years, especially in English and in German. They have provided exemplary treat­ merit of individual areas or aspects of wood conservation, but a comprehen­ sive, up-to-date exposition of historic and current developments has been lacking. The diverse professional fields of the authors, as well as their insights into methods of conservation and restoration of wood artifacts in Europe, North America, and Asia provided a solid basis for the success of this under­ taking. One of the goals during the examination of the literature was that not only well-known conservators and scientists from countries that are leaders in wood conservation should be represented, but that less well-known, often not as readily accessible contributions should also be included. Only in this manner was it possible to draw a comprehensive picture of the national and international state of wood conservation. The Art and Archaeology Technical Abstracts (AATA) of the Getty Institute were very helpful in our efforts to evaluate as many publications as possible.

The impetus for this book was the desire to systematically organize the extant literature on the conservation of cultural property made of wood, from its beginnings before the Christian Era to the year 2000. Various published reviews and monographs, including Holzkonservierung (Wood Conserva­ tion) published by the senior author in 1988, have appeared over the years, especially in English and in German. They have provided exemplary treat­ merit of individual areas or aspects of wood conservation, but a comprehen­ sive, up-to-date exposition of historic and current developments has been lacking. The diverse professional fields of the authors, as well as their insights into methods of conservation and restoration of wood artifacts in Europe, North America, and Asia provided a solid basis for the success of this under­ taking. One of the goals during the examination of the literature was that not only well-known conservators and scientists from countries that are leaders in wood conservation should be represented, but that less well-known, often not as readily accessible contributions should also be included. Only in this manner was it possible to draw a comprehensive picture of the national and international state of wood conservation. The Art and Archaeology Technical Abstracts (AATA) of the Getty Institute were very helpful in our efforts to evaluate as many publications as possible.

정보제공 :

CONTENTS
Introduction = 1
1 History of Wood Conservation = 3
 References = 7
2 Wood Structure = 9
 2.1 Macroscopic Structure = 9
  2.1.1 Recent Wood = 9
  2.1.2 Historical Wood = 10
 2.2 Microscopic Structure = 11
  2.2.1 Recent Wood = 11
  2.2.2 Historical Wood = 14
 2.3 Chemical Composition of Wood = 15
  2.3.1 Recent Wood = 15
   2.3.1.1 Elementary Composition = 15
   2.3.1.2 Chemical Components = 19
  2.3.2 Historical Wood = 18
   2.3.2.1 Elementary Composition = 18
   2.3.2.2 Chemical Components = 19
  2.4 Ultrastructure of the Cell Wall = 20
 References = 21
3 Wood Properties = 23
 3.1 Wood-Moisture Relations = 23
  3.1.1 Recent Wood = 23
  3.1.2 Historical Wood = 28
 3.2 Density of Wood = 32
  3.2.1 Recent Wood = 32
  3.2.2 Historical Wood = 35
 3.3 Strength and Stiffness Properties = 37
  3.3.1 Recent Wood = 37
  3.3.2 Historical Wood = 38
 References = 41
4 Corrosion Behavior of Wood = 43
 4.1 Effect of Chemical Media = 43
  4.1.1 Water = 43
  4.1.2 Acids and Bases = 43
  4.1.3 Salts = 44
  4.1.4 Gases = 45
  4.1.5 Metals = 46
  4.1.6 Corrosive Effects of Wood on Materials = 46
 4.2 Weathering = 47
 References 48
5 Biological Deterioration of Wood = 51
 5.1 Insects = 51
  5.1.1 Classification = 51
  5.1.2 Morphology 51
  5.1.3 Development and Reproduction = 53
  5.1.4 Physiology = 55
  5.1.5 Wood-Destroying Insects = 56
   5.1.5.1 Coleoptera(Beetles) = 56
   5.1.5.2 Isoptera(Termites) = 73
   5.1.5.3 Siricidae(Wood Wasps) = 79
  5.1.6 Other Insect Pests of Wood = 81
  5.1.7 Enemies of Wood-Destroying Insects = 85
  5.1.8 Monitoring of insect Infestations = 88
  5.1.9 Attacks on Surface Decorations, Glues,and Consolidants = 90
 5.2 Fungi = 90
  5.2.1 Taxonomy = 90
  5.2.2 Morphology = 91
  5.2.3 Reproduction = 92
  5.2.4 Physiology = 95
  5.2.5 Types of Damage to Wood = 99
   5.2.5.1 Wood Docomposition = 99
   5.2.5.2 Fungal Stain and Surface Molds = 105
  5.2.6 Wood-Destorying Fungi = 108
   5.2.6.1 Basidiomycota = 108
   5.2.6.2 Ascomycota and Deuteromycota = 121
  5.2.7 Staining Fungi and Surface Molds = 122
   5.2.7.1 Ascomycota and Deuteromycota = 122
  5.2.8 Viability Tests of Fungi = 127
   5.2.8.1 Growth Test = 127
   5.2.8.2 Color Indicators = 128
   5.2.8.3 Determination of Adenosin Triphosphate(ATP) = 128
   5.2.8.4 Immunological Determination = 129
   5.2.8.5 Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds(VOC) = 129
  5.2.9 Attack on Consolidants and Coatings for Wood = 129
  5.2.10 Dangers to Health from Wood-Destroying Fungi = 131
 5.3 Bacteria = 132
  5.3.1 Bacteria Destroying Pit Membranes = 132
  5.3.2 Bacteria Destroying Wood Cell Walls = 133
 5.4 Marine Borers = 134
  5.4.1 Teredinidea = 134
  5.4.2 Limnoridae = 135
 Reference = 136
6 Diagnosis of Wood Condition = 143
 6.1 Introduction = 143
 6.2 Mechanical Procedures = 144
 6.3 Electrical Methods = 147
 6.4 Optical methods = 149
 6.5 Acoustic Methods = 151
 6.6 Thermographic Methods = 152
 6.7 Radiographic Methods = 153
 6.8 Nuclear Magnetic Methods = 157
 6.9 Chemical and Biological Procedures = 158
 Reference = 159
7 Liquid Wood Preservatives = 165
 7.1 Introduction = 165
 7.2 Inorganic Biocides = 168
  7.2.1 Alkali Chlorides = 168
   7.2.1.1 Sodium Chloride = 168
  7.2.2 Copper Compounds = 169
   7.2.2.1 Copper(Ⅱ) Surfate and Other Copper Salts = 169
  7.2.3 Mercury Compounds = 171
   7.2.3.1 Mercury(Ⅱ) Chloride = 171
  7.2.4 Zinc Compounds = 173
   7.2.4.1 Zinc(Ⅱ) Chloride and Other Zinc Salts = 173
  7.2.5 Arsenic Compounds = 169
   7.2.5.1 Arsenic Trioxide and Arsenic Salts = 174
  7.2.6 Fluorine Compounds = 175
   7.2.6.1 Sodium Fluoride and Other Fluorides = 175
   7.2.6.2 Fluorosilicates = 177
  7.2.7 Boron Compounds = 179
   7.2.7.1 Boric Acid = 179
   7.2.7.2 Borax = 180
   7.2.7.3 Polybor = 181
  7.2.8 Chromium Compounds = 183
   7.2.8.1 Sodium Dichromate = 183
   7.2.8.2 Potassium Dichromate = 184
   7.2.8.3 Chromium(Ⅵ) Oxide = 184
 7.3 Organic Biocides = 185
  7.3.1 Tars, Tar Oils, and Kerosene = 185
   7.3.1.1 Wood Tar = 185
   7.3.1.2 Coal Tar Oil = 187
   7.3.1.3 Kerosene = 188
  7.3.2 Chlorinated Hydrocarbons = 190
   7.3.2.1 Chloronaphthalenes = 190
   7.3.2.2 Dichlorobenzenes = 192
   7.3.2.3 DDT = 193
   7.3.2.4 Lindane = 195
  7.3.3 Cyclodiene Insecticides = 197
   7.3.3.1 Aldrin, Dieldrin, and Heptachlor = 197
  7.3.4 Organophosphates = 198
   7.3.4.1 Diazinon = 198
  7.3.5 Carbamates = 199
   7.3.5.1 Bassa = 199
   7.3.5.2 Fenoxycarb = 200
   7.3.5.3 3-Iodo-2-propyny1-buty1-carbamate = 201
  7.3.6 Synthetic Pyrethroids = 203
   7.3.6.1 Deltamethrin = 203
   7.3.6.2 Permethrin = 204
  7.3.7 Benzoylurea Derivatives = 206
   7.3.7.1 Flufenoxuron = 206
  7.3.8 Phenols = 207
   7.3.8.1 Phenol = 207
   7.3.8.2 Dinitrophenols and Dinitrocresols = 209
   7.3.8.3 Pentachlorophenol = 210
   7.3.8.4 Sodium Pentachlorophenolate = 212
   7.3.8.5 o-Phenylphenol = 214
   7.3.8.6 Thymol = 216
  7.3.9 Sulfamide Derivatives = 217
   7.3.9.1 Dichlofluanid = 217
   7.3.9.2 Tolylfluanid = 219
  7.3.10 Benzimidazole Derivatives = 220
   7.3.10.1 Carbendazim = 220
  7.3.11 Triazole Derivatives = 221
   7.3.11.1 Propiconazole = 221
   7.3.11.2 Tebuconazole = 223
  7.3.12 Quarternary Ammonium Compounds = 230
  7.3.13 Isothiazolones = 228
  7.3.14 Organoaluminum Compounds = 230
   7.3.14.1 Xyligen Al = 230
  7.3.15 Organoboron Compounds = 231
   7.3.15.1 Trimethyl Borate = 231
  7.3.16 Organocopper Compounds = 233
   7.3.16.1 Copper-HDO = 233
   7.3.16.2 Copper Naphthenates = 234
  7.3.17 Organosilicon Compounds = 236
   7.3.17.1 Silafluofen = 236
  7.3.18 Organotin Compounds = 237
   7.3.18.1 Tributyltin Oxide = 237
  7.3.19 Mixtures of Natural Products = 239
   7.3.19.1 Pyroligneous Acid(Wood Vinegar) = 240
   7.3.19.2 Essential Oils = 241
   7.3.19.3 Woad(Isatis tinctoria) = 243
   7.3.19.4 Chitosan = 244
   7.3.19.5 Neem Tree(Azadirachta indica) = 245
   7.3.19.6 Pyrethrum = 246
   7.3.19.7 Juvenile Hormones = 248
   7.3.19.8 α-Ecdysone = 249
 7.4 Solvents and Additives = 250
 7.5 Treatment Processes = 252
  7.5.1 Pressureless Treatments = 252
   7.5.1.1 Surface Treatments = 252
   7.5.1.2 Immersion Treatments = 254
  7.5.2 Pressure Treatments = 255
   7.5.2.1 Full-Cell Treatments = 255
   7.5.2.2 Conventional and Modified Empty-Cell Treatments = 256
   7.5.2.3 Double Vacuum Impregnation = 256
   7.5.2.4 Special Pressure Treatments = 256
  7.5.3 Special Methods = 256
   7.5.3.1 Diffusion Methods(Bandage Methods) = 256
   7.5.3.2 Injection and Infusion Methods = 257
   7.5.3.3 Impregnation via Bore Holes = 257
 7.6 Damage by Wood Preservatives = 261
 7.7 Decontamination and Masking of Wood Which Contains Preservatives = 261
   7.7.1 Nature of the Problem = 261
   7.7.2 Mechanical Procedures = 261
   7.7.3 Thermal Processes = 262
   7.7.4 Solvent-Based Methods = 263
   7.7.5 Microbial Methods = 264
   7.7.6 Masking Methods = 265
 References = 265
8 Fumigants = 275
 8.1 Nature and Scope of Fumigant Treatments = 275
 8.2 Inorganic Fumigants = 276
  8.2.1 Reactive Gases = 276
   8.2.1.1 Sulfur Dioxide = 276
   8.2.1.2 Hydrogen Cyanide = 277
   8.2.1.3 Hydrogen Phosphide = 280
   8.2.1.4 Sulfuryl Fluoride = 282
  8.2.2 Gases of Low Reactivity and Inert Gases = 284
   8.2.2.1 Carbon Dioxide = 285
   8.2.2.2 Nitrogen = 289
   8.2.2.3 Argon = 293
 8.3 Organic Fumigants = 295
  8.3.1 Carbon Disulfide = 295
  8.3.2 Carbonyl Sulfide = 296
  8.3.3 Tetrachloromethane = 297
  8.3.4 Bromomethane = 299
  8.3.5 Ethylene Oxide = 303
   8.3.5.1 Additional Compounds : Propylene Oxide = 306
  8.3.6 Formaldehyde = 307
 8.4 Processes = 308
 8.5 Damage Caused by Fumigants = 312
  8.5.1 Possible Damage by Specific Fumigants = 315
   8.5.1.1 Hydrogen Cyanide = 315
   8.5.1.2 Hydrogen Phosphide = 315
   8.5.1.3 Sulfuryl Fluoride(Used as Technical Grade) = 315
   8.5.1.4 Bromomethane = 316
   8.5.1.5 Ethylene Oxide = 316
   8.5.1.6 Formaldehyde = 317
   8.5.1.7 Carbon Dioxide = 317
   8.5.1.8 Nitrogen = 317
 References = 318
9 Physical Control Methods = 327
 9.1 Characteristics = 327
 9.2 Control Through Temperature Changes = 328
  9.2.1 Heat Treatments = 328
  9.2.2 Freezing Treatments = 335
 9.3 Changing Air Humidity and Material Moisture Content = 338
 9.4 Use of Pressure Differentials = 339
  9.4.1 Reduced Pressure = 339
  9.4.2 Elevated Pressure = 340
 9.5 Utilizing Sound and Electromagnetic Waves = 341
  9.5.1 Ultrasound = 341
  9.5.2 Microwaves／High Frequency Waves = 342
  9.5.3 X-rays = 345
  9.5.4 Gamma Rays = 346
 References = 348
10 Biological Mithods = 355
 10.1 Opportunities for Biological Control of Insect Infestations and for Bioprotection = 355
 10.2 Opportunities for Biological Control of Fungal Decay and Bioprotection = 358
 References = 360
11 Consolidants = 363
 11.1 Objectives, Scope, and Procedures for Consolidation Treatments = 363
  11.1.1 The Role of Wood Permeability = 364
  11.1.2 Damage Diagnosis = 364
  11.1.3 Condition and Mobility of the Object = 365
  11.1.4 Intended Renovation and Use = 365
  11.1.5 Physical State of Consolidants for Application = 366
  11.1.6 Choice of Consolidants = 366
  11.1.7 Criteria for the Selection of Solvents = 368
  11.1.8 Choice of Treatment Method = 370
 11.2 Inorganic Compounds = 372
  11.2.1 Aluminum Compounds = 372
   11.2.1.1 Aluminum Sulfate = 372
   11.2.1.2 Aluminum Potassium Sulfate = 372
  11.2.2 Boron Compounds = 375
   11.2.2.1 Borax = 375
  11.2.3 Chromium Compounds = 376
   11.2.3.1 Sodium Dichromate and Chromium(Ⅵ) Oxide = 376
  11.2.4 Silicon Compounds = 377
   11.2.4.1 Alkali Silicates = 377
 11.3 Organic Compounds = 378
  11.3.1 Animal Glues = 378
   11.3.1.1 Protein Glues = 378
   11.3.1.2 Casein = 381
  11.3.2 Oils = 381
   11.3.2.1 Linseed Oil = 381
   11.3.2.2 Tung Oil = 383
  11.3.3 Fats = 385
   11.3.3.1 Lanolin = 385
  11.3.4 Waxes = 386
   11.3.4.1 Beeswax = 386
   11.3.4.2 Carnauba Wax = 389
   11.3.4.3 Paraffin = 390
   11.3.4.4 Microcrystalline Wax = 393
  11.3.5 Resins = 394
   11.3.5.1 Dammar = 394
   11.3.5.2 Colophony = 396
   11.3.5.3 Shellac = 399
  11.3.6 Polyols and Sugars = 402
   11.3.6.1 Ethylene Glycol and Other Alkylene Glycols = 402
   11.3.6.2 Glycerol = 403
   11.3.6.3 Poly(ethylene glycol)s = 405
   11.3.6.4 Sucrose = 422
   11.3.6.5 Sugar Alcohols = 428
  11.3.7 Cellulose Derivatives = 430
   11.3.7.1 Cellulose Ethers : Methyl Cellulose, Hydroxypropyl Cellulose = 430
   11.3.7.2 Cellulose Esters : Cellulose Nitrate, Cellulose Acetate = 432
  11.3.8 Formaldehyde Resins = 435
   11.3.8.1 Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins = 435
   11.3.8.2 Urea-Formaldehyde Resins = 439
   11.3.8.3 Melamine-Formaldehyde Resins = 441
  11.3.9 Polyvinyl Compounds = 445
   11.3.9.1 Poly(vinyl acetate) = 445
   11.3.9.2 Poly(vinyl alcohol) = 449
   11.3.9.3 Poly(vinyl butyral) = 451
   11.3.9.4 Poly(vinyl chloride) = 454
   11.3.9.5 Poly(vinylidene chloride) and Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) = 456
   11.3.9.6 Poly(methyl methacrylate) = 456
   11.3.9.7 Poly(ethyl methacrylate) = 463
   11.3.9.8 Poly(butyl methacrylate) = 467
   11.3.9.9 Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) = 471
   11.3.9.10 Styrene = 473
  11.3.10 Unsaturated Polyester Resins = 475
  11.3.11 Epoxy Resins = 479
  11.3.12 Linear Polyamides = 488
  11.3.13 Polyurethanes = 490
  11.3.14 Organosilicon Compounds(Silicons, Polysiloxanes) = 492
 11.4 Consolidation Processes = 496
  11.4.1 Nature of Consolidation Processes = 496
  11.4.2 Evaporation Processes = 497
  11.4.3 Chemical and Physico-Chemical Curing Processes = 497
  11.4.4 Drying Processes for Waterlogged Wood = 499
  11.4.5 Methods of Stabilizing Waterlogged Wood with PEG = 501
  11.4.6 Methods of Stabilizing Waterlogged Wood／Iron Composites = 502
  11.4.7 Post-treatment Damage by Consolidants and Possible Remedies = 503
 References = 505
12 Adhesives and Gap Fillers = 541
 12.1 Adhesives = 541
  12.1.1 Adhesives for Wood Conservation = 541
  12.1.2 Natural Adhesives = 544
   12.1.2.1 Proteins = 544
   12.1.2.2 Carbohydrates = 545
   12.1.2.3 Waxes = 546
   12.1.2.4 Resins = 546
   12.1.2.5 Wood Tar, Bitumen, and Asphalt = 546
   12.1.2.6 Adhesives Derived from Wood = 547
  12.1.3 Semisynthetic Adhesives = 547
   12.1.3.1 Cellulose Ether : Methyl Cellulose = 547
   12.1.3.2 Cellulose Ester : Cellulose Nitrate = 547
  12.1.4 Synthetic Adhesives = 548
   12.1.4.1 Phenol／Resorcinol-Formaldehyde Resins = 548
   12.1.4.2 Urea-Formaldehyde Resins = 549
   12.1.4.3 Melamine-Formaldehyde Resins = 549
   12.1.4.4 Poly(vinyl acetate) = 550
   12.1.4.5 Poly(vinyl acetal)s = 550
   12.1.4.6 Acrylic Compounds = 551
   12.1.4.7 Epoxy Resins = 552
   12.1.4.8 Polyurethanes(Polyisocyanates) = 552
 12.2 Gap Fillers = 553
  12.2.1 Types of Gap Fillers = 553
  12.2.2 Gap Fillers for Wood Conservation = 553
  12.2.3 Organic Gap Fillers = 554
   12.2.3.1 Natural Substance Fillers = 554
   12.2.3.2 Synthetic Resin Fillers = 554
 References = 557
Appendix = 561
Chemicals and Materials Index = 567
Trade Name Index = 571
Index of the Scientific Names of Organisms = 577