CONTENTS
Preface = xi
PART Ⅰ Introduction
1 Approaches to the Study of International Politics = 3
The development of international relations as a field of study = 6
Current "schools" of study in international politics = 8
Interdisciplinary efforts = 12
The need for organizing devices = 13
Levels of analysis = 15
International politics, foreign policy, and international relations = 19
Description, explanation, and prescription = 20
Some biases in the study of international politics = 21
Selected bibliography = 22
PART Ⅱ International Systems
2 Historic International Systems = 27
International politics in the Chou Dynasty, 1122 B.C.-221 B.C. = 29
The external politics of the Greek city-states, 800 B.C.-322 B.C. = 41
International politics in Renaissance Italy = 47
Selected bibliography = 55
3 The European and Contemporary State Systems = 57
The international politics of eighteenth-century Europe = 58
The state system of the nineteenth century = 60
The contemporary global system = 64
Factors of stability, instability, and change in the contemporary system = 85
Types of international systems = 88
Selected bibliography = 92
PART Ⅲ Foreign-Policy Outputs
4 Foreign-Policy Orientations and National Roles = 97
Isolation = 99
Strategies of nonalignment = 101
Diplomatic coalitions and military alliances = 106
National roles and role conceptions = 116
Summary = 121
Selected bibliography = 121
5 Foreign-Policy Objectives = 123
Types of objectives in historical systems = 126
"Core" interests and values = 129
Middle-range objectives = 131
Long-range goals = 134
Objectives, national roles, and orientations = 140
Selected bibliography = 142
6 Foreign-Policy Actions : Power, Capability, and Influence = 144
Resources = 148
The measurement of resources = 149
Variables affecting the exercise of influence = 151
How influence is exercised = 155
Patterns of influence in the international system = 157
Selected bibliography = 159
7 The Instruments of Policy : Diplomatic Bargaining = 161
The institutions, rules, and personnel of diplomacy = 162
The functions of diplomats = 168
The purposes of diplomatic communication = 173
The negotiating process : Preliminaries = 175
The negotiating process : Inducing agreement = 178
The negotiating process : Problem solving = 184
The negotiating process : Diplomatic styles = 185
Selected bibliography = 190
8 The Instruments of Policy : Propaganda = 192
What is propaganda? = 195
Selecting the target : Whose attitudes can be changed? = 196
Creating impact = 201
Techniques of propagandists = 202
American propaganda = 205
Soviet propaganda = 207
The effectiveness of propaganda in international politics = 211
Selected bibliography = 212
9 Economic Instruments of Policy = 214
Techniques of economic reward and punishment = 215
Economic rewards and punishments in operation = 217
Economic warfare = 224
Foreign aid as an economic instrument of policy = 226
Selected bibliography = 239
10 Clandestine Actions and Military Intervention = 241
Modern conditions that encourage intervention = 244
Clandestine political action = 248
Demonstrations of force = 250
Subversion = 250
Guerrilla (unconventional) warfare = 260
Military intervention = 262
Conclusion = 263
Selected bibliography = 266
11 Weapons, War, and Political Influence = 268
Weapons as instruments of policy = 270
The spread of nuclear weapons = 274
Deterrence as a form of inter-nation influence = 275
Deterrence in crisis situations = 280
Deterrence strategies = 287
Does deterrence work? = 299
Arms control and disarmament = 300
Summary = 308
Selected bibliography = 308
PART Ⅳ Explanations of Foreign-Policy Outputs
12 Explanations of Foreign-Policy Outputs = 313
Sources of foreign policy : Orientations and roles = 314
Explanations of objectives, decisions, and actions = 317
Images, attitudes, values, beliefs, and personal needs as components of a definition of the situation = 319
Domestic structures and foreign policy = 331
The external environment = 347
Relationships among the components = 351
Selected bibliography = 355
13 Law and World Opinion in Explanations of Foreign Policy = 359
Use of legal norms in some preindustrial international systems = 360
The growth of European international law = 362
Contemporary international law : The source and existence of legal norms and restraints = 365
The use of law in the pursuit of foreign-policy objectives = 368
Nonlegal obligations in foreign policy = 372
Law in foreign policy : The sanctions of international norms = 373
Foreign expectations and "world public opinion" as factors in policy making = 376
Selected bibliography = 379
14 Ethics in Explanations of Foreign Policy = 381
Ethics, morality, and values as psychological and cultural restraints = 383
Ethical components of foreign-policy outputs = 388
Ethics as a function of the pattern of relations between nations = 392
Summary = 393
Selected bibliography = 394
PART Ⅴ Major Forms of Interaction between States
15 The Interaction of States : Conflict and Conflict Resolution = 399
Characteristics of conflict, crisis, and competition = 400
The incidence of international conflict = 402
Issue fields in international conflict = 403
Attitudes = 405
Actions = 406
The possible outcomes of international conflict = 409
The outcomes of international conflicts, 1919-1980 = 413
Institutions and procedures for resolving international conflicts = 414
The use of settlement institutions and procedures, 1919-1980 = 423
Resolving conflicts and disputes in the United Nations = 425
The United Nations, regional organizations, and pacific settlement : Success or failure? = 428
Resolving international conflict through adjudication = 433
Conclusion = 435
Selected bibliography = 436
16 The Interaction of States : Collaboration = 438
Contexts within which collaboration takes place = 439
Collaboration and problem solving between Ottawa and Washington = 443
Collaboration and bargaining in Brussels = 447
Collaboration, security communities, and peace = 452
Conclusions = 457
Selected bibliography = 458
Index = 461
