상세정보

Real-time systems demand logical, rigorous procedures for requirements analysis, to provide a framework for defining and dealing with complex and constantly changing situations. This reference for practicing and aspiring systems analysts, as well as hardware and software engineers, offers a complete and practical guide to the structured methods supporting this process. A step-by-step description of the analysis procedure is illustrated by detailed definitions of the graphic modeling tools required. Real-time applications are covered in areas such as plant control and management, signal processing, and robotics. Annotation copyright Book News, Inc. Portland, Or.

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CONTENTS
Preface = xii
Acknowledgements = xiii
Figures = xiv
1 Modelling Complex Systems = 1
 1.1 Introduction = 1
 1.2 Reasons for Building Models = 2
 1.3 Sequences of Models = 3
 1.4 Types of Model = 5
 1.5 Summary = 6
2 Behaviour Modelling Tools = 7
 2.1 Which Tools to Use = 7
  2.1.1 Introduction = 7
  2.1.2 Network tools = 9
  2.1.3 Summary = 12
 2.2 Modelling the Processing of Information = 13
  2.2.1 Introduction = 13
  2.2.2 Data Flows = 16
  2.2.3 Data stores = 26
  2.2.4 Data transforms = 28
  2.2.5 Data transform operation = 33
  2.2.6 Examples = 36
  2.2.7 Summary = 40
 2.3 Modelling Behaviour over Time = 41
  2.3.1 Introduction = 41
  2.3.2 States of behaviour = 43
  2.3.3 State transitions = 45
  2.3.4 Decision points = 53
  2.3.5 Initial and final states = 55
  2.3.6 Behavioural equivalence = 57
  2.3.7 Complex state behaviour = 59
  2.3.8 Examples = 62
  2.3.9 Summary = 66
 2.4 Integrating Processing and Behaviour over Time = 67
  2.4.1 Introduction = 67
  2.4.2 State transition diagrams in control of data flow diagrams = 68
  2.4.3 Graphic integration of control and data flow = 75
  2.4.4 Event flows = 79
  2.4.5 Event stores = 87
  2.4.6 Packaging behaviour using control = 90
  2.4.7 Refinement of combined control and processing definitions = 95
  2.4.8 Examples = 101
  2.4.9 Summary = 107
 2.5 Modelling the Organisation of Information = 108
  2.5.1 Introduction = 108
  2.5.2 Entities = 111
  2.5.3 Supertype and subtype entities = 121
  2.5.4 Relationships between entities = 127
  2.5.5 Associative entities = 139
  2.5.6 Examples = 146
  2.5.7 Summary = 151
 2.6 Integrating Processing and Information Models = 153
  2.6.1 Introduction = 153
  2.6.2 Mappings between processing and information model components = 155
  2.6.3 Packaging behaviour around information = 165
  2.6.4 Levels of detail = 175
  2.6.5 Consistency checking between processing and information models = 182
  2.6.6 Examples = 183
  2.6.7 Summary = 187
 2.7 Modelling Information over Time = 188
  2.7.1 Introduction = 188
  2.7.2 State of entities = 191
  2.7.3 Entity state changes = 198
  2.7.4 Data transforms and entity state transition diagrams = 206
  2.7.5 Examples = 209
  2.7.6 Summary = 212
 2.8 Summary of Behaviour Modelling Tools = 214
  2.8.1 Introduction = 214
  2.8.2 The levelled structure = 215
  2.8.3 Checking the model = 223
  2.8.4 Summary = 226
3 Systems Modelling Procedure = 228
 3.1 The Strategic Model = 228
  3.1.1 Introduction = 228
  3.1.2 Strategic model organisation = 229
  3.1.3 Strategic and project models = 235
  3.1.4 Summary of strategic modelling = 239
 3.2 The Project Modelling Procedure = 240
  3.2.1 Introduction = 240
  3.2.2 The charter = 241
  3.2.3 The essential model = 244
  3.2.4 The implementation model = 248
  3.2.5 Summary of project modelling = 256
4 Essential Environment Modelling = 258
 4.1 Defining System Scope = 258
  4.1.1 Introduction = 258
  4.1.2 The statement of purpose = 260
  4.1.3 Sources of information = 263
  4.1.4 Summary = 267
 4.2 Modelling System Context = 268
  4.2.1 Introduction = 268
  4.2.2 Context diagram notation = 269
  4.2.3 Choosing terminators = 273
  4.2.4 Interface definitions = 278
  4.2.5 Summary = 290
 4.3 Modelling External Events = 291
  4.3.1 Introduction = 291
  4.3.2 External event characteristics = 293
  4.3.3 Event detection = 297
  4.3.4 Describing external events = 303
  4.3.5 External events and the context diagram = 310
  4.3.6 Finding external events = 312
  4.3.7 Using event scenarios = 318
  4.3.8 Summary = 324
 4.4 Modelling Essential Information = 326
  4.4.1 Introduction = 326
  4.4.2 Reduction from strategic to essential information models = 327
  4.4.3 Direct construction of essential information model = 333
  4.4.4 Summary = 337
 4.5 Completing the Essential Environment Model = 338
  4.5.1 Introduction = 338
  4.5.2 Environment model components = 338
  4.5.3 Summary = 342
5 Essential Behaviour Modelling = 343
 5.1 Deriving the Behaviour Model = 343
  5.1.1 Introduction = 343
  5.1.2 Behaviour model components = 344
  5.1.3 Detection of external events = 347
  5.1.4 Responses to external events = 351
  5.1.5 Summary = 355
 5.2 Deriving State Transition Diagrams from External Events = 357
  5.2.1 Introduction = 357
  5.2.2 Using sequences of control events = 359
  5.2.3 Identifying complex state behaviour = 372
  5.2.4 Building concurrent state transition diagrams = 376
  5.2.5 Building hierarchical state transition diagrams = 380
  5.2.6 Summary = 389
 5.3 Deriving Data Flow Diagrams from External Events = 391
  5.3.1 Introduction = 391
  5.3.2 Constructing a data flow diagram = 392
  5.3.3 Identifying behaviour groups from the external event list = 402
  5.3.4 Summary = 405
 5.4 Completing the Essential Behaviour Model = 408
  5.4.1 Introduction = 408
  5.4.2 Levelling the behaviour model = 408
  5.4.3 Adding new behaviour model content = 416
  5.4.4 Adding textual specifications = 425
  5.4.5 Checking the model = 427
  5.4.6 Adding quantitative constraints = 428
  5.4.7 Summary = 430
6 Validation of the Essential Model = 432
 6.1 Introduction = 432
 6.2 Traceability of Requirements = 433
  6.2.1 Introduction = 433
  6.2.2 From functional requirements to environment model = 434
  6.2.3 From environment model to behaviour model = 437
 6.3 Driving the Model Tests = 439
  6.3.1 Introduction = 439
  6.3.2 Event scenarios = 440
  6.3.3 Test cases = 443
  6.3.4 Simulation = 447
 6.4 Reviews and Walk-throughs = 448
  6.4.1 Introduction = 448
  6.4.2 Model reviews = 448
  6.4.3 Group walk-throughs = 449
  6.4.4 Client walk-throughs = 451
 6.5 Summary = 452
Appendix 1 - Summary of Graphical Modelling Tools = 455
 A1.1 Introduction = 455
 A1.2 Data Flow Diagrams = 455
  A1.2.1 Diagram notation = 456
  A1.2.2 Diagram rules = 459
 A1.3 State Transition Diagrams = 460
  A1.3.1 Diagram notation = 461
  A1.3.2 Diagram rules = 462
 A1.4 Entity Relationship Diagrams = 464
  A1.4.1 Diagram notation = 464
  A1.4.2 Diagram rules = 464
 A1.5 Entity State Transition Diagrams = 467
  A1.5.1 Diagram notation = 467
  A1.5.2 Diagram rules = 468
 A1.6 Context Diagrams = 470
  A1.6.1 Diagram notation = 470
  A1.6.2 Diagram rules = 471
 A1.7 Data Composition Specifications = 473
Appendix 2 - Textual Specifications = 474
 A2.1 Introduction = 474
 A2.2 Text with Control Transforms = 474
  A2.2.1 Condition and action list specifications = 475
  A2.2.2 Control transform specifications = 476
 A2.3 Text with Data Flow Diagrams = 479
  A2.3.1 Primitive transform specifications = 479
  A2.3.2 Format of specification = 480
  A2.3.3 References to information = 481
  A2.3.4 Choice of main processing specifications = 482
  A2.3.5 Examples of primitive transform specifications = 486
Appendix 3 - Material and Energy Flow Diagrams = 491
 A3.1 Introduction = 491
 A3.2 Material／Energy Flow Diagram Notation = 491
  A3.2.1 Flows = 492
  A3.2.2 Transforms = 493
  A3.2.3 Stores = 493
 A3.3 Material／Energy Flow Diagram Rules = 494
  A3.3.1 Conservation rules = 494
  A3.3.2 Equilibrium flow = 494
 A3.4 Material／Energy Flow Diagram Behaviour = 495
  A3.4.1 Transformation of continuous material／energy flows = 495
  A3.4.2 Transformation of discrete material／energy flows = 496
  A3.4.3 Material／energy transforms and stores = 498
 A3.5 Information and Material／Energy Flows = 499
 A3.6 Control and Material／Energy Transforms = 500
 A3.7 Context Reduction = 501
Appendix 4 - Essential Model Examples = 505
 A4.1 Telephone Answering System = 505
  A4.1.1 Background information = 505
  A4.1.2 Essential environment model = 509
  A4.1.3 Essential behaviour model = 515
 A4.2 Steam Distribution System = 530
  A4.2.1 Background information = 530
  A4.2.2 Essential environment model = 533
  A4.2.3 Essential behaviour model = 538
Index = 550