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Software metrication is an attempt to use measurement ideas from other engineering disciplines in order to provide managers with better facilities for monitoring, estimating, and controlling software projects. This book provides a comprehensive review of the derivation and use of software metrics on software projects. It also describes a technique for developing metrics which gives rise to coherent and sensible measures.

This is the first book of its kind on software metrics - the measurement of software products and processes used for establishing quality assurance thresholds and in predicting quality levels. This authoritative review of the subject discusses a number of weaknesses which have been discovered over the last ten years and describes a method for the derivation and validation of metrics. This is the first work to describe a methodical derivation process for software metrics and is a major improvement over the current ad hoc ways of developing metrics making this an important and much needed contribution to software engineering.

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CONTENTS
1 Introduction = 1
 1.1 The problem area = 1
 1.2 The book = 3
 1.3 Some definitions = 4
 1.4 The organization of the book = 5
2 Software Metrics Reviewed = 7
 2.1 Introduction = 7
 2.2 Metrics : a brief history = 8
 2.3 Code metrics = 9
  2.3.1 Lines of code = 9
  2.3.2 Software Science metrics = 10
  2.3.3 Graph theoretic measures = 10
  2.3.4 Hybrid metrics = 12
  2.3.5 Code metrics summary = 14
 2.4 Design metrics = 14
  2.4.1 Intra-modular design metrics = 16
  2.4.2 Inter - and intra-modular design metrics = 16
  2.4.3 Inter-modular design metrics = 19
 2.5 Specification metrics = 22
3. Promises and Problems = 28
 3.1 Introduction = 28
 3.2 Software science = 29
 3.3 Cyclomatic complexity = 37
 3.4 Henry and Kafura's information flow measure = 41
 3.5 Unfulfilled promises = 50
4 Models, theories, and metrics = 53
 4.1 Introduction = 53
 4.2 The theory of measurement = 55
  4.2.1 Types of measurement = 55
  4.2.2 Scales for measurement = 55
 4.3 Modelling and measurement = 60
  4.3.1 Measurement and purpose = 60
  4.3.2 Models and theories = 63
 4.4 Model evaluation = 65
  4.4.1 Theoretical criteria = 66
  4.4.2 Empirical criteria = 70
 4.5 Summary = 72
5 An approach to metrics modelling = 73
 5.1 The development of software metrics = 73
  5.1.1 The Goal／Question／Metric paradigm = 73
 5.2 Tailored axioms = 75
  5.2.1 A model-based methodology for metric development = 78
  5.2.2 An example = 80
 5.3 Summary = 86
6 A uni-dimensional model of design = 87
 6.1 Restatement of the problem = 87
 6.2 Problem identification = 88
 6.3 An informal model = 89
 6.4 A formal model = 90
  6.4.1 Definitions = 90
  6.4.2 An algebraic model specification = 91
  6.4.3 Axioms of desired model behaviour = 99
 6.5 Theoretical model behaviour = 101
 6.6 An empirical analysis = 108
 6.7 Evaluation of the uni-dimensional model = 113
 6.8 Summary = 115
7 A multi-dimensional model of design = 116
 7.1 Why multi-dimensional models? = 116
 7.2 Measuring module size = 117
  7.2.1 Existing module size metrics = 117
  7.2.2 The 'work' metric = 119
 7.3 Validation of the 'work' metric = 121
  7.3.1 Theoretical validation = 121
  7.3.2 Consistency of model axioms = 129
  7.3.3 Empirical validation = 133
 7.4 The multidimensional model = 134
 7.5 Summary = 137
8 Summary = 139
 8.1 The research = 139
 8.2 The outcomes = 140
 8.3 Further work = 145
Index = 164