상세정보

This practical book in instrumental analytics conveys an overview of important methods of analysis and enables the reader to realistically learn the (principally technology-independent) working techniques the analytical chemist uses to develop methods and conduct validation. What is to be conveyed to the student is the fact that analysts in their capacity as problem-solvers perform services for certain groups of customers, i.e., the solution to the problem should in any case be processed in such a way as to be "fit for purpose".
The book presents sixteen experiments in analytical chemistry laboratory courses. They consist of the classical curriculum used at universities and universities of applied sciences with chromatographic procedures, atom spectrometric methods, sensors and special methods (e.g. field flow fractionation, flow injection analysis and N-determination according to Kjeldahl).
The carefully chosen combination of theoretical description of the methods of analysis and the detailed instructions given are what characterizes this book. The instructions to the experiments are so detailed that the measurements can, for the most part, be taken without the help of additional literature.
The book is complemented with tips for effective literature and database research on the topics of organization and the practical workflow of experiments in analytical laboratory, on the topic of the use of laboratory logs as well as on writing technical reports and grading them (Evaluation Guidelines for Laboratory Experiments).
A small introduction to Quality Management, a brief glance at the history of analytical chemistry as well as a detailed appendix on the topic of safety in analytical laboratories and a short introduction to the new system of grading and marking chemicals using the "Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS)", round off this book.
This book is therefore an indispensable workbook for students, internship assistants and lecturers (in the area of chemistry, biotechnology, food technology and environmental technology) in the basic training program of analytics at universities and universities of applied sciences.

New feature

The first comprehensive guide to modern laboratory planning in ten years to address both construction and operating aspects.

Many of the 30 authors are affiliated with the European Association for Sustainable Laboratory Technologies (EGNATON), which has also endorsed this ready reference. This expert team covers the entire lifecycle of a laboratory facility, starting with the site layout and the planning of the building, followed by the planning of such areas as housing for laboratory animals, clean rooms and production facilities. The next section of the book deals with the installation of laboratory equipment, including storage and emergency facilities, while the final parts address safety and sustainability standards applicable to laboratories, as well as facility management and optimization during normal laboratory operation.

The relevant norms and standards are cited throughout, and examples from recent construction sites are also presented. Hundreds of photographs and drawings, many in full color, provide visual examples of the design and building concepts. As a result, readers will learn how to construct and maintain efficient and long-serving laboratory spaces with a minimum of maintenance costs and a maximum of safety.

An invaluable, practical guide for planners, builders and managers of chemical, biological and medical research laboratories of any size.

정보제공 :

List of Contributors XXIII
 
Preface XXVII
 
Part I Laboratory Building and Laboratory Equipment – Subjects of Laboratory Design of Building and Equipment 1
Egbert Dittrich
 
1 Introduction: Laboratory Typologies 3
Christoph Heinekamp
 
1.1 Purpose 4
 
1.2 Science Direction 5
 
1.3 Fields of Activities 6
 
1.4 Working Methods 8
 
1.5 Physical Structure 8
 
1.6 Conclusion 12
 
2 Requirements and Determination of Requirements 13
Christoph Heinekamp
 
2.1 Area Misuse throughWrong Grids 16
 
3 Laboratory Concept andWorkstations 21
Christoph Heinekamp
 
4 Determination of User Needs – Goal-Oriented Communication between Planners and Users as a Basis for Sustainable Building 31
Berthold Schiemenz and Stefan Krause
 
4.1 Work Areas 33
 
4.2 Work Flows and Room Groups 34
 
5 Corporate Architecture – Architecture of Knowledge 37
Tobias Ell
 
5.1 Image-The Laboratory as a Brand 38
 
5.2 Innovation-The Laboratory as the Origin of Knowledge 39
 
5.3 Excellence: The Laboratory as a Magnet for High Potentials 40
 
6 Scheduler Tasks in the Planning Process 43
Markus Hammes
 
6.1 Project Preparation 44
 
6.2 Integral Planning Teams 44
 
6.3 User Participation 45
 
6.4 Planning Process 45
 
6.5 Execution Phase 46
 
6.6 Commissioning 46
 
6.7 Conclusion 47
 
6.8 Best Practice 47
 
7 Space for Communication in the Laboratory Building 55
Markus Hammes
 
7.1 Definition of Terms 55
 
7.2 Historical Development 56
 
7.3 Development in the Modern Age- Why and When Were These Ideal Conceptions Lost? 57
 
7.4 Conclusion for Future Concepts 61
 
8 Fire Precautions 63
Markus Bauch
 
8.1 Preventive Fire Protection 63
 
8.2 Fire Protection Solution for Laboratory Buildings 69
 
8.3 Fire Protection Solutions for Laboratory Buildings – Examples 70
 
Part II Layout of Technical Building Trades 77
Egbert Dittrich
 
9 Development in Terms of Building Technology and Requirements of Technical Building Equipment 81
Hermann Zeltner
 
9.1 Field of Research 82
 
9.2 Required Flexibility of Laboratory Areas 83
 
9.3 Number of Floors, Height of the Floor, and Development Extent of the Laboratory Area (Laboratory Landscape) 85
 
9.4 Plumbing Services 86
 
9.5 Electrical Installation 88
 
9.6 Ventilation 89
 
9.7 Determination and Optimization of the Air Changes Quantities and Definition of Air Systems Required 90
 
9.8 Creation of an Energy-Optimized Duct System 93
 
10 Ventilation and Air Conditioning Technology 95
Roland Rydzewski
 
10.1 Introduction 95
 
10.2 Air Supply of Laboratory Rooms 96
 
10.3 Air-Flow Routing in the Room 99
 
10.4 Numerical Flow Simulation (Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)) 102
 
10.5 Energy-Efficient Systems Engineering 110
 
10.6 Installation Concepts for Laboratory Buildings from the Point of View of Ventilation and Air-Conditioning Planning 114
 
11 Electrical Installations 119
Oliver Engel
 
11.1 Power Supply 119
 
11.2 Lightings 126
 
11.3 Data Networks 127
 
11.4 Central Building Control System 129
 
12 Service Systems via Ceiling 133
Hansjürg Lüdi
 
12.1 General Discussion 133
 
12.2 Flexible Laboratory Room Sizes/Configuration 134
 
12.3 Major Differentiating Components 139
 
13 Laboratory Logistics 145
Ines Merten
 
13.1 Classic Systems 145
 
13.2 Centralization and Implementation of Logistics Systems in the Building 146
 
13.3 Consignment and Automatic Storage Facilities 148
 
13.4 Solvents – Supply and Disposal Systems 150
 
13.5 LaboratoryWork 2030 – Objective? 152
 
13.6 From Small Areas to the Big Picture 153
 
13.7 Local Transport Systems 153
 
13.8 Supply and Disposal of Chemicals at theWorkplace 153
 
13.9 Perspective 154
 
14 Animal Housing 157
Ina-Maria Müller-Stahn
 
14.1 General Points 157
 
14.2 Planning of an Animal Facility 158
 
14.3 SPF Management of Animals 159
 
14.4 Animal Management under SPF Status 164
 
14.5 Decentralized Connection of IVC 165
 
14.6 Central Connection 165
 
14.7 Extract Air 165
 
14.8 Supply through the Barrier 166
 
14.9 Quarantine 167
 
14.10 Open Animal Management without Hygiene Requirements 167
 
14.11 Experimental Animal Facility 168
 
14.12 Sustainability – An Issue in an Animal Facility? 168
 
15 Technical Research Centers – Examples of Highly Sophisticated Laboratory Planning Which Cannot be Schematized 171
Thomas Lischke and Maike Ring
 
16 Clean Rooms 175
Thomas Lischke
 
16.1 Wall materials 178
 
16.2 Ceilings 179
 
16.3 Fixtures and fittings 179
 
17 Safety Laboratories 181
Michael Staniszewski
 
17.1 General Remark 181
 
17.2 Types of Safety Laboratories 182
 
17.3 Building Structures 190
 
Part III Laboratory Casework and Installations 195
Egbert Dittrich
 
18 Laboratory Casework 197
Egbert Dittrich
 
18.1 Design 197
 
18.2 Functionality and Flexibility 200
 
18.3 Trends 201
 
19 Work Benches, Sinks, Storage, Supply- and Disposal Systems 203
Egbert Dittrich
 
19.1 Benches 203
 
19.2 Sinks 204
 
19.3 Under Bench Units, Cabinets, Storage Cabinets 208
 
19.4 Supply and Disposal Systems 211
 
19.5 Service Carrying Frames 215
 
20 Fume Cupboards and Ventilated Units 225
Egbert Dittrich
 
20.1 Technical Data and Selection Criteria 225
 
20.2 Fume Cupboards and Sustainability 231
 
20.3 Ventilation Control and Monitoring 231
 
20.4 Fume Cupboard Monitoring, -Control and Room Control 234
 
20.5 Laboratory Control 235
 
20.6 Sash Controller 238
 
21 Laboratory Furniture Made fromStainless Steel – for Clean-Rooms, Labs, Medical-, and Industry Applications 241
Eberhard Dürr
 
21.1 Areas for Stainless Steel Equipment 241
 
21.2 Hygienic Requirements of Surfaces 242
 
21.3 How to Clean and Disinfect Stainless Steel Surfaces 243
 
21.4 Cleanliness Classes for Sterile Areas 245
 
21.5 Microorganisms 246
 
21.6 Summary 253
 
22 Clean Benches and Microbiological Safety Cabinets 255
Walter Glück
 
22.1 Laboratory Clean Air Instrument, in General and Definition(s) 255
 
22.2 Possible Joint Possession of “Clean Benches” and “Microbiological Safety Cabinets” 256
 
22.3 Laboratory Clean Air Instruments Intended to Protect the Samples – “Clean Benches” 258
 
22.4 Microbiological Safety Cabinets 261
 
22.5 Microbiological Safety Cabinet Class 1 263
 
22.6 Microbiological Safety Cabinets Class 2 265
 
22.7 Enhanced Microbiological Safety Cabinets Class 2 266
 
22.8 Enhanced Safety of Safety Cabinet Class 2 by Means of Redundant HEPA Filter(s) 269
 
22.9 Microbiological Safety Cabinet Class 3 271
 
22.10 Inactivation of Cabinet and Filters 271
 
23 Safety Cabinets 273
Christian Völk
 
23.1 History – the Development of the Safety Cabinet 273
 
23.2 Safety Cabinets for Flammable Liquids 274
 
23.3 Safety Cabinets for Pressurized Gas Cylinders 285
 
23.4 Safety Cabinets for Acids and Lyes 289
 
23.5 Test Markings for Safety Cabinets 291
 
23.6 Special Solutions for the Storage of Flammable Liquids 292
 
24 Laboratory Service Fittings forWater, Fuel Gases, and Technical Gases 297
Thomas Gasdorf
 
24.1 Medium 297
 
24.2 Temperature 297
 
24.3 Dosing Task 298
 
24.4 Safety 298
 
24.5 Place of Installation 298
 
24.6 Ease of Installation 298
 
24.7 Materials 299
 
24.8 Headwork 300
 
24.9 Seals 300
 
24.10 According to Standard 300
 
24.11 Water 300
 
24.12 Conclusion 305
 
24.13 Burning Gas 307
 
24.14 Technical Gases up to 4.5 Purity Grade 310
 
24.15 Vacuum 313
 
25 Gases and Gas Supply Systems for Ultra-Pure Gases up to Purity 6.0 317
Franz Wermelinger
 
25.1 Gases and Status Types 317
 
25.2 Material Compatibility 319
 
25.3 Connection Points 319
 
25.4 Impurities 319
 
25.5 Supply Systems: Central Building Supply/Local Supply and Laboratory Supply 320
 
25.6 Central Building Supply (CBS) 323
 
25.7 Pipe Networks and Zone Shut-Off Valves with Filter 324
 
25.8 Fitting Supports and Tapping Spots 325
 
25.9 Local Laboratory Gas Supply 327
 
25.10 Surfaces – Coatings 327
 
25.11 Inspections 328
 
25.12 Operation Start-Up and Instruction of the Operating Staff 328
 
26 Emergency Devices 333
Thomas Gasdorf
 
26.1 General 333
 
26.2 Body Showers 334
 
26.3 Eye-Washer 334
 
26.4 Emergency Shower Combinations 334
 
26.5 Hygiene 335
 
26.6 Testing and Maintenance 335
 
26.7 Complementary Products 335
 
Part IV Sustainability and Laboratory Operation 339
 
27 Sustainability Certification – Assessment Criteria and Suggestions 341
Egbert Dittrich
 
27.1 Certification Systems 342
 
27.2 Individual Strategies to Implement Sustainability 345
 
28 Reducing Laboratory Energy Use with Demand-Based Control 351
Gordon P. Sharp
 
28.1 Reducing Fume Cupboard Flows 351
 
28.2 ReduceThermal Load Flow Drivers 352
 
28.3 Vary and Reduce Average ACH Rate Using Demand-Based Control 353
 
28.4 A New Sensing Approach Provides a Cost-Effective Solution 354
 
28.5 Demand-Based Control (DBC) Improves Beam Use 355
 
28.6 A Few Comments on New Lab Ventilation Standards and Guidelines 356
 
28.7 Case Studies 357
 
28.8 Capital Cost Reduction Impacts of Demand-Based Control 361
 
28.9 Conclusions on Lab Energy Efficient Control Approaches 362
 
References 362
 
29 Lab Ventilation and Energy Consumption 363
Peter Dockx
 
29.1 Introduction 363
 
29.2 Step 1: Minimize Demand! 365
 
29.3 Step 2: Design Energy Friendly Systems 369
 
29.4 Step 3: Install and Proper Commission the Installation 374
 
29.5 Step 4: Maintain the Installation and Monitor 374
 
29.6 Step 5: Use of Alternative Energy 375
 
29.7 Conclusion 378
 
30 Consequences of the 2009 Energy-Saving Ordinance for Laboratories 379
Fritz Runge and Jörg Petri
 
30.1 The Task Force 379
 
30.2 Energy Certificates for Laboratory Buildings 380
 
30.3 Special Energy Characteristics of Laboratory Buildings 385
 
30.4 Reference Values for the Energy Consumption of Laboratory Buildings 386
 
30.5 Energy Consumption Values 387
 
30.6 Reference Quantities 387
 
30.7 Groups with Homogeneous Characteristics 391
 
30.8 Conclusions from the Results of the Investigations 392
 
30.9 Example for the Issue of a Consumption-Based Energy Certificate for a Laboratory Building 394
 
30.10 Summary 396
 
Part V Standards and Test Regulations 399
Egbert Dittrich
 
31 Legislation and Standards 401
Burkhard Winter
 
31.1 Introduction 401
 
31.2 Laboratory Planning and Building 402
 
31.3 Regulations for Labor Safety and Occupational Health 406
 
References 410
 
32 Examination, Requirements, and Handling of Fume Cupboards 413
Bernhard Mohr and Bernd Schubert
 
32.1 Introduction 413
 
32.2 Principle of Operation 414
 
32.3 Types of Fume Cupboards 417
 
32.4 Standards 424
 
32.5 Safety Criterion 427
 
32.6 Fume Cupboard Testing 429
 
32.7 Influences of Real Conditions 432
 
Part VI Safety in Laboratories 437
Egbert Dittrich
 
33 Health and Safety – An Inherent Part of Sustainability 439
Thomas Brock
 
33.1 Scope 439
 
33.2 Legal Foundations 441
 
33.3 Laboratory Guidelines 443
 
33.4 Hazardous Substances 446
 
33.5 Biological Agents 446
 
33.6 Other Hazards 447
 
33.7 Occurrence of Accidents and Illnesses 448
 
33.8 Risk Assessment and Measures 449
 
References 454
 
34 Operational Safety in Laboratories 455
Norbert Teufelhart
 
34.1 Safety Principles 455
 
34.2 Safety Management 456
 
34.3 Regulation of Internal Processes 459
 
34.4 Functional Efficiency of Systems and Equipment 462
 
34.5 Occupational Medical Care 463
 
34.6 Employment Restrictions 465
 
34.7 Access Regulations and Protection againstTheft 466
 
34.8 Cleanliness and Hygiene 467
 
34.9 Operation of Safety Systems According to Regulations 472
 
34.10 Operational Safety in Laboratories – Conclusion 479
 
34.11 Laboratory Rules and Regulations (Sample) 480
 
34.12 Testing Equipment Registry (Sample) 486
 
34.13 Screening Examinations for Laboratory Activities (Selection) 488
 
34.14 Skin Protection Plan (Sample) 492
 
References 495
 
Part VII Laboratory Operation 497
Helmut Martens
 
35 Facility Management in the Life Cycle of Laboratory Buildings 499
Andreas Kühne and Ali-Yetkin Özcan
 
35.1 Self-Understanding and Background 499
 
35.2 Process Optimization 500
 
35.3 FM in the Life Cycle of a Laboratory Building 500
 
35.4 Concept Phase Laboratory Building 502
 
35.5 Construction Phase 504
 
35.6 Use Phase 504
 
35.7 Revitalization Phase 505
 
35.8 Deconstructing Phase 507
 
35.9 Benefits of FM 507
 
36 Laboratory Optimization 509
Helmut Martens
 
36.1 The Procedure 510
 
36.2 The Actual Recording 511
 
36.3 Determination of the Optimization Potential 512
 
36.4 Planning and Implementation 513
 
36.5 Permanent Need for Optimization 514
 
36.6 An Example 515
 
36.7 Utilization of Staff 516
 
36.8 Utilization of Equipment 517
 
36.9 Employee Retention, Employee Retention Time, Device Runtime 518
 
36.10 Another Example 518
 
36.11 Cost 518
 
36.12 Logistics 519
 
36.13 Quality 520
 
36.14 Customer Satisfaction and Customer Loyalty 520
 
36.15 Laboratory Indicators 521
 
37 Quality Management 523
Helmut Martens
 
37.1 Quality Control 523
 
37.2 Quality Assurance 523
 
37.3 Quality Management 523
 
37.4 Creation and Maintenance of a Quality Management System 524
 
37.5 The Purpose of Systematic Quality Management 525
 
37.6 Integrated Management Systems 525
 
37.7 Certification or Accreditation 526
 
37.8 International Recognition of Accreditation 527
 
37.9 Central Functions of Quality Management 527
 
37.10 Responsibilities of the Quality Manager in Practice 529
 
37.11 Implementation of a Quality Management System in the Laboratory 529
 
37.12 Documents 530
 
37.13 Expiration of Accreditation Project 532
 
38 Data 535
Helmut Martens
 
38.1 Data Systems 536
 
38.2 Data Systems at the Corporate Management Level 536
 
38.3 LIMS 537
 
38.4 LIMS Selection and Procurement 537
 
38.5 Requirements for a Specification 540
 
38.6 Selection of Suitable Suppliers 541
 
38.7 Data Privacy and Data Security 542
 
38.8 Risk Assessment 543
 
38.9 Safety Management 544
 
38.10 System Documentation 546
 
38.11 Emergency Plan 547
 
Index 549

정보제공 :