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The sciences played a critical role in American foreign policy after World War II. From atomic energy and satellites to the green revolution, scientific advances were central to American diplomacy in the early Cold War, as the United States leveraged its scientific and technical pre-eminence to secure alliances and markets. The growth of applied research in the 1970s, exemplified by the biotech industry, led the United States to promote global intellectual property rights. Priorities shifted with the collapse of the Soviet Union, as attention turned to information technology and environmental sciences. Today, international relations take place within a scientific and technical framework, whether in the headlines on global warming and the war on terror or in the fine print of intellectual property rights. Science and American Foreign Relations since World War II provides the historical background necessary to understand the contemporary geopolitics of science.

Chronicles the critical role the sciences have played in American foreign relations since World War II.

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Cover -- Half-title -- Series information -- Title page -- Copyright information -- Dedication -- Contents -- Figures -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- Scientific Universalism, Privilege, and National Service -- Applied Sciences, Commerce, and American Foreign Relations to World War I -- Science, World War I, and Interwar Modernity -- 1 The Battle of the Laboratories -- Nation Bound -- Science and American Foreign Relations before World War II -- OSRD and the Manhattan Project -- The Atomic Bomb and Questions After -- At Loose Ends -- Postwar Institutions and Internationalism -- Atomic Energy and Espionage -- US-Soviet Conflict over the WHO -- The KR Affair and a Scientific Iron Curtain -- Rebound -- Science in Occupied Germany -- Science in Occupied Japan -- Science and European Reconstruction -- 2 Science Contained -- Co-Option -- American Science in the Early Cold War -- McCarthyism and the Global Scientific Community -- Cooperation -- American Nuclear Diplomacy: Atoms for Peace -- The European Center for Nuclear Research (or CERN) -- The International Geophysical Year -- The Freedom of Space and Sputnik -- Competition -- Reorganization at Home -- American Diplomacy after Sputnik -- The Moon Landing -- The Legacy of Early Cold War Scientific Competition -- 3 The Quiet War -- Modern Commitments -- The Background to Point Four -- The Domestic and International Response -- Point Four -- On Point -- Three Decades of Assistance to Iran -- An Evolving Mix of Programs, Goals, and Participants -- The Soviet Challenge in the Developing World -- The Alliance for Progress -- Demographic Containment -- Global Health and the Malaria Eradication Program -- The Mexican Agricultural Program, the FAO, and PL-480 Food Aid -- The Green Revolution in India, the Philippines, and Vietnam -- Population Controls -- Legacies of Cold War Scientific and Technical Assistance -- 4 The Crossing Point -- Eruption -- The Environmental Movement, Vietnam War, and Collapse of Consensus -- The International Biological Program and Global Governance -- Market Biology -- The Legal and Scientific Background to Biotechnology -- Interferon, the Geopolitics of Overinvestment, and American Diplomacy -- The G-77, Genetics, and the ISTC -- Legalization and Tension with Allies and the Developing World -- 5 Reorientation -- Heavenly Politics -- Satellite Communications and American Diplomacy -- Science and Détente with the Soviet Union -- Science and the Collapse of Détente -- Walking on Two Legs -- The Collapse of US-Chinese Scientific Relations, 1950-1972 -- Scientific Exchanges and Revolutionary Resistance -- Markets and Anti-communist Resistance -- Scientific and Technical Relations after Normalization -- Petroscience -- US-Iranian Relations from the Embargo to the Revolution -- JECOR and American Assistance to Saudi Arabia -- US-Israeli Scientific Relations -- 6 Globalization -- We Are Their Allies -- The G7 Science Initiative -- Space Station Freedom -- The Strategic Defense Initiative -- Scientific Relations with China, Saudi Arabia, and Israel -- Competition Rising -- Japan, the VLSI Initiative, and American Competitiveness -- Protecting American R&D: Export Controls and Intellectual Property Rights -- Soviet Fission -- Soviet Malaise, Chernobyl, and Collapse -- Re-Integrating Post-Soviet Science: The ISTC and ISS -- The Legacy of the Cold War on American Science and Foreign Relations -- 7 The Fray -- National Philosophy -- US Climate Leadership: The Ozone Hole and Montreal Protocol -- Domestic Politics vs. Global Science: The Case of Global Warming -- The Human Genome Project and Convention on Biological Diversity -- International Tensions over Genetic Patents and Labels -- Genetic Engineering, Climate Change, and American Foreign Relations -- Pale Shadows -- The War on Terror and Iraqi Assistance -- US-Iranian Scientific Relations in the War on Terror -- UNESCO and Science Diplomacy in the Middle East -- 8 The Laboratory of Diplomacy -- Appendix -- Bibliography -- Congressional Publications -- Department of State Publications -- National Institutions -- Selected Books -- Index -- .