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This book explores the extremely modular systems that meet two criteria: they allow the creation of structurally sound free-form structures, and they are comprised of as few types of modules as possible. Divided into two parts, it presents Pipe-Z (PZ) and Truss-Z (TZ) systems. PZ is more fundamental and forms spatial mathematical knots by assembling one type of unit (PZM). The shape of PZ is controlled by relative twists of a sequence of congruent PZMs. TZ is a skeletal system for creating free-form pedestrian ramps and ramp networks among any number of terminals in space. TZ structures are composed of four variations of a single basic unit subjected to affine transformations (mirror reflection, rotation and combination of both).

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Part I What is Building Envelope?
1 The skin of a building
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Daylighting
1.2.1 The outside view.
1.2.2 Smart windows
1.3 Comparison with skin
1.4 The Arab World Institute

Part II Dynamic Shading
2 Cellular Automation-based Shading System (CASS)
2.1 Cellular Automata
2.2 Why cellular automata to drive shading of building envelopes?
2.3 The appearance of CASS
2.3.1 Are Cellular Automata organic?
2.3.2 CASS in regular tessellations
2.3.3 Boundary conditions
2.4 Definitions of CASS parameters
2.4.1 The sequence of initial conditions (SIC)
2.4.2 Pattern grayness
2.4.3 Grayness function
2.4.4 Grayness function error
2.4.5 The straightforward SIC (sSIC)
2.4.6 Grayness monotonicity and pattern distribution error (GDE)
2.4.7 Randomly distributed ("noisy") patterns (RP)
2.5 Optimization of CASH
2.5.1 Ideal SIC by Backtracking
2.5.2 Implementation of Evolutionary Algorithms
2.6 One-dimensional Cellular Automata applied on surfaces
2.6.1 Elementary Cellular Automata for CASS
2.6.2 The original CA for shading (CASH)
2.6.3 Robustness of CASS: CASH & siblings
2.6.4 Half-distance automata
2.6.5 Higher order Cellular Automata
2.6.6 Optimization of SIC with Evolutionary Algorithms
3 Polarized Film Shading System in regular grids
3.1 Dihedral rotations
3.1.1 Square Grid (PFSSSQ)
3.1.2 Hexagonal Grid
3.1.3 Triangular grid (PFSST )
3.2 Two-dimensional cellular automata on surfaces
3.2.1 From a triangulated surface to a Triangular Cellular Automata (TCA).
3.2.2 Semitotalistic 2-color 2-dimensional range-1 cellular automata (stTCA)
3.2.3 The search for appropriate 2D TCA rules
3.2.4 Voids in the mesh
3.2.5 Free-form surfaces
4 Prototypes
4.0.6 LC-based prototype in square grid
4.0.7 LC-based stTCA rule 250
4.0.8 Directly controlled shading system based on rotation of polarized film (PFSS-D)

Part III Static Shading
5 Static solar shading of a free-form building with Shade-Z
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Shade-Z
5.2.1 Importing the geometry and automated window detection
5.2.2 Shading period selection
5.2.3 The principle of static shading generation in SZ
5.2.4 SZ for periods of days

References

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