CONTENTS
Foreword = ⅸ
Preface = xi
1. Introduction = 1
Artificial Intelligence·Knowledge-Based Expert Systems·Conventional Programming Versus Knowledge Engineering·The Expert Systems Market
Section One Basic Concepts and Techniques = 13
2. MYCIN = 15
MYCIN's Expertise·A Consultation with MYCIN·How Good an Expert Is MYCIN?·Summary = 15
3. Human Problem Solving = 22
Human Information Processing·The Production System as a Processing Model·Problem Solving·Varieties of Knowledge·The Nature of Expertise·Summary
4. Representing Knowledge = 34
An Informal Look at a Knowledge Base·Strategies for Representing Knowledge·Semantic Networks·Object-Attribute-Value Triplets·Rules·Frames·Representing Facts and Relationships Using Logic·Summary
5. Drawing Inferences = 49
Inference·Control·The Future of Representation and Inference·Summary
6. MYCIN Revisited = 61
Where Is the Expertise in MYCIN?
Section Two Languages, Tools, and Systems = 77
7. Languages and Tools = 79
Levels of Software·The Language-Tool Continuum·AI Languages and Environments·Knowledge Engineering Tools
8. Commercial Tools = 92
Categories of Tools·Consultation Paradigms·Cost Considerations·Training and User Interface Issues·Evaluating Knowledge Engineering Tools·Commercially Available Tools·Small System Building Tools·ES / P ADVISOR·Expert-Ease·INSIGHT Knowledge System·M.1·Personal Consultant·Additional Small Tools·Large Narrow System Building Tools·EXPERT·KES-Knowledge Engineering System·OPS5·S.1·TIMM-The Intelligent Machine Model·Large, Hybrid System Building Tools·ART-The Automated Reasoning Tool·KEE-The Knowledge Engineering Environment·LOOPS·Additional Large Tools·Summary
9. Early Systems = 134
DENDRAL·MACSYMA·HEARSAY Ⅰ and Ⅱ·INTERNIST / CADUCEUS·PROSPECTOR·PUFF
10. Recent Systems = 155
XCON(RI), XSEL·GENESIS·DELTA / CATS 1·DRILLING ADVISOR·A Microprocessor Based Electrophoresis Interpreter·Summary
Section Three Developing Expert Systems = 175
11. Building a Small Knowledge System = 177
The Role of Small Systems·Building a Small System·Summary
12. How Large Knowledge Systems Are Developed = 195
Knowledge Engineering·Knowledge System Development·Phase Ⅰ : Selection of an Appropriate Problem·Phase Ⅱ : Development of a Prototype System·Phase Ⅲ : Development of a Complete Expert System·Phase Ⅳ : Evaluation of the System·Phase ⅴ : Integration of the System·Phase Ⅵ : Maintenance of the System
Section Four The Expert Systems Market = 209
13. The Market for Knowledge Engineering = 211
What Needs Will Drive the Knowledge Engineering Market?·How Will the Knowledge Engineering Market Be Organized?·How Will Businesses Use Knowledge Systems?·The Macroenvironment·Capitalization of AI·Summary
14. Knowledge Systems in the Next Five Years = 226
Types of Companies·Types of Systems·Large, Hybrid Systems·Large, Narrow Systems·Professional Workstations·Small, Specialized Systems·Smart Generic Software·Systems in Hardware·Other Applications
15. Expert Systems for Training = 236
Education Versus Training·STEAMER·DEBUGGY·GUIDON·DELTA·PUFF·Other Training Applications·Training Managers and Salespeople
16. Preparing for the Knowledge Systems Revolution = 249
Acquiring More Knowledge·Seminars and Consultants·Experimenting with Small Systems·Hiring Outside Consultants·Developing an In-House Knowledge Engineering Group·A Final Word
Appendixes = 255
Appendix A. Glossary = 257
Appendix B. Companies Active in Expert Systems and AI-Related Research = 268
Appendix C. References = 274
Index = 279
