CONTENTS
Acknowledgements = ⅴ
Introduction = 1
Chapter 1. Health and the urban crisis = 5
Urban growth = 5
Urbanization policies in developing countries = 21
The urban poor = 25
Health consequences of rapid urban growth = 29
Distinctive characteristics of urban poverty = 43
Comprehensive coverage = 45
Chapter 2. Reorienting urban health systems = 46
The primary health care approach = 48
Applying the primary health care approach in the cities = 53
Equity = 54
Assessing the state of health in urban areas = 56
Health systems research = 63
Priorities in introducing primary health care = 66
Resources: money, people, and imagination = 69
Orientation, education, and training = 71
Financing primary health care in urban areas = 75
Urban health departments = 77
Hospitals: the untapped resource = 80
Implementation = 83
Managing urban change = 84
Chapter 3. Community involvement = 88
Linking health systems and communities = 88
Local organizations for community involvement = 91
The role of facilitators = 97
Community health workers = 100
Examples of community involvement = 107
Support to enable communities to help themselves = 108
Communities and financing = 110
Chapter 4. Health and health-related development in urban areas = 112
Socioeconomic development and health = 112
Intersectoral coordination in urban areas = 112
Urban development = 119
Employment, income, and nutrition = 123
Low-income housing = 126
Legislation and legalization = 127
Water supply and sanitation = 128
Literacy and education = 134
Multisectoral projects with a health component = 137
Chapter 5. Towards universal coverage = 141
Health for all: responsibility of all = 141
National strategies for urban health systems = 142
Strengthening ministries of health for primary health care = 143
From projects to major programmes = 144
Collaboration between governments and nongovernmental organizations = 151
Collaboration between cities = 154
Chapter 6. Conclusions = 156
References = 158
Annex. Indicators of social development in Thailand = 166