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The Handbook of Liquid Crystals is a unique compendium of knowledge on all aspects of liquid crystals. In over 2000 pages the Handbook provides detailed information on the basic principles of both low- and high-molecular weight materials, as well as the synthesis, characterization, modification, and applications (such as in computer displays or as structural materials) of all types of liquid crystals.

The five editors of the Handbook are internationally renowned experts from both industry and academia and have drawn together over 70 leading figures in the field as authors.

The four volumes of the Handbook are designed both to be used together or as stand-alone reference sources. Some users will require the whole set, others will be best served with a selection of the volumes.

Volume 1 deals with the basic physical and chemical principles of liquid crystals, including structure-property relationships, nomenclature, phase behavior, characterization methods, and general synthesis and application strategies. As such this volume provides an excellent introduction to the field and a powerful learning and teaching tool for graduate students and above.

Volume 2 concentrates on low-molecular weight materials, for example those typically used in display technology. A high quality survey of the literature is provided along with full details of molecular design strategies, phase characterization and control, and applications development. This volume is therefore by far the most detailed reference source on these industrially very important materials, ideally suited for professionals in the field.

Volume 3 concentrates on high-molecular weight, or polymeric, liquid crystals, some of which are found in structural applications and others occur as natural products of living systems. A high-quality literature survey is complemented by full detail of the synthesis, processing, analysis, and applications of all important materials classes. This volume is the most comprehensive reference source on these materials, and is therefore ideally suited for professionals in the field.

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CONTENTS
Chapter Ⅰ : Introduction and Historical Development / George W. Gray = 1
  1 Introduction = 1
  2 The Early Years up to About 1925 = 2
  3 The Second Phase from 1925 to 1959 = 5
  4 The Third Phase from 1960 to the Present Time = 8
    4.1 Lyotropic Liquid Crystals = 11
    4.2 Theory = 12
    4.3 Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystals(PDLCs) and Anchoring = 12
    4.4 Material sand New Phases = 13
  5 Conclusions = 14
  6 References = 14
Chapter Ⅱ : Guide to the Nomenclature and Classification of Liquid Crystals / John W. Goodby ; George W. Gray = 17
  1 Introduction = 17
  2 General Definitions = 18
  3 Structural Features = 19
  4 Polymeric Liquid Crystals = 20
  5 Notation of Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Properties = 20
    5.1 Description of the Solid State = 20
      5.1.1 Description of Soft Crystals = 20
    5.2 Description of the Liquid Crystalline Phases = 21
      5.2.1 Nematic and Chiral Nematic Phases = 21
      5.2.2 Smectic Liquid Crystals = 21
      5.2.3 Chiral Smectic Liquid Crystals = 21
      5.2.4 Columnar Phases = 22
      5.2.5 Plastic Crystals = 23
      5.2.6 Condis Crystals = 23
      5.2.7 Cubic = 23
      5.2.8 Re-entrants = 23
    5.3 Description of the Clearing Parameters = 23
  6 Stereochemistry = 23
  7 References = 23
Chapter Ⅲ : Theory of the Liquid Crystalline State = 25
  1 Continuum Theory for Liquid Crystals / Frank M. Leslie = 25
    1.1 Introduction = 25
    1.2 Equilibrium Theory for Nematics = 26
      1.2.1 The Frank-Oseen Energy = 26
      1.2.2 A Virtual Work Formulation = 27
      1.2.3 Body Forces and Moments = 28
      1.2.4 The Equilibrium Equations = 29
      1.2.5 Boundary Conditions = 30
      1.2.6 Proposed Extensions = 31
    1.3 Equilibrium Theory for Smectic Liquid Crystals = 32
      1.3.1 An Energy Function for SmC Liquid Crystals = 32
      1.3.2 Equilibrium Equations = 33
    1.4 Dynamic Theory for Nematics = 35
      1.4.1 Balance Laws = 35
      1.4.2 A Rate of Work Hypothesis = 36
      1.4.3 The Viscous Stress = 36
      1.4.4 Equations of Motion = 37
    1.5 References = 38
  2 Molecular Theories of Liquid Crystals / M. A. Osipov = 40
    2.1 Introduction = 40
    2.2 Microscopic Definition of the Order Parameters for Nematic and Smectic Phases = 41
      2.2.1 Uniaxial Nematic Phase = 41
      2.2.2 Biaxial Nematic Phase = 42
      2.2.3 Smectic A and C Phases = 43
    2.3 Anisotropic Intermolecular Interactions in Liquid Crystals = 44
      2.3.1 Hard-core Repulsion = 44
      2.3.2 Electrostatic and Dispersion Interactions = 44
      2.3.3 Model Potentials = 46
    2.4 Molecular Theory of the Nematic Phase = 47
      2.4.1 Mean-field Approximation and the Maier-Saupe Theory = 47
      2.4.2 Short-range Orientational Correlations = 51
      2.4.3 Excluded Volume Effects and the Onsager Theory = 52
      2.4.4 Packing Effects in Thermotropic Nematics = 54
      2.4.5 The Role of Molecular Biaxiality = 56
      2.4.6 Density Functional Approach to the Statistical Theory of Liquid Crystals = 58
    2.5 Molecular Models for Simple Smectic Phases = 60
      2.5.1 Mean-field Theory of the Nematic-Smectic A Transition = 60
      2.5.2 Phase Diagram of a Hard-rod Fluid = 63
      2.5.3 The Role of Intermolecular Attraction = 65
      2.5.4 Smectic A-Smectic C Transition = 65
    2.6 Conclusions = 69
    2.7 References = 69
  3 Molecular Modelling / Mark R. Wilson = 72
    3.1 Techniques of Molecular Modelling = 72
      3.1.1 Molecular Mechanics = 72
      3.1.2 Molecular Dynamics and Monte Carlo Simulation = 74
      3.1.3 Quantum Mechanical Techniques = 78
    3.2 Applications of Molecular Modelling = 78
      3.2.1 Determination of Molecular Structure = 78
      3.2.2 Determination of Molecular Properties = 80
      3.2.3 Determination of Intermolecular Potentials = 81
      3.2.4 Large-Scale Simulation of Liquid Crystals = 82
    3.3 References = 85
Chapter Ⅳ : General Synthetic Strategies / Thies Thiemann ; Volkmar Vill = 87
  1 Introduction = 87
  2 General Guidelines = 87
    2.1 Thermotropic Calamitic Liquid Crystals = 87
    2.2 Columnar Liquid Crystals = 88
    2.3 Concept of Leading Structures = 89
  3 Brief Survey of the History of Liquid Crystal Synthesis = 89
  4 Common Reactions in Liquid Crystal Synthesis = 93
    4.1 Methods of Aryl-Aryl Bond Formation = 93
    4.2 Alkyl-Functionalization of Arenes = 95
    4.3 Aryl-Cycloalkyl Linkages = 95
      4.3.1 4-E-Substituted Cyclohexylarenes = 96
      4.3.2 3-Substituted Arylcyclopentanes = 96
    4.4 Linking Blocks via Simultaneous Construction of Ethenyl and Ethynyl Bridges : Tolanes and Ethenes = 97
  5 Building Blocks and Their Precursors = 98
  6 Chirality : the Preparation and Use of Enantiomers = 105
    6.1 Synthesis = 105
    6.2 Esterification : Chiral Alkanoic Acids and Chiral Alkanols = 106
    6.3 Etherification = 107
  7 Liquid Crystal Synthesis in Education and a Note on the Purification of Liquid Crystals = 107
  8 References = 107
Chapter Ⅴ : Symmetry and Chirality in Liquid Crystals / John W. Goodby = 115
  1 Symmetry Operations in Liquid Crystals = 115
  2 Molecular Asymmetry = 115
    2.1 Group Priority = 117
    2.2 Diastereoisomers = 117
    2.3 Dissymmetry = 117
  3 Space Symmetry in Liquid Crystals = 118
  4 Mesophase Phase Symmetry = 122
    4.1 The Chiral Nematic Phase = 123
    4.2 Helical Smectic Phases = 126
  5 Frustrated Phases = 129
    5.1 Double Twist and Blue Phase Helical Structures = 129
    5.2 Twist Grain Boundary Phases = 130
  6 References = 132
Chapter Ⅵ : Chemical Structure and Mesogenic Properties / Dietrich Demus = 133
  1 Introduction = 133
  2 Rod-Like(Calamitic) Liquid Crystalline Compounds = 135
    2.1 General = 135
    2.2 Ring Systems = 136
      2.2.1 Six-Membered Rings = 136
      2.2.2 Ring Systems with More than Six Atoms = 139
      2.2.3 Rings with Three to Five Atoms = 142
    2.3 Linking Groups = 144
    2.4 Terminal Substituents = 146
    2.5 Lateral Substituents = 151
  3 Liquid Crystals with Unconventional Molecular Shapes = 153
    3.1 Acyclic Compounds = 154
    3.2 Flexible Cyclic Compounds and Cyclophanes = 154
    3.3 Compounds with Large Lateral Substituents = 154
      3.3.1 Acyclic Lateral Substituents = 154
      3.3.2 Lateral Ring-Containing Substituents = 155
      3.3.3 Lateral Two-Ring-Containing Substituents = 157
    3.4 Swallow-Tailed Compounds = 158
    3.5 Polycatenar Compounds = 160
      3.5.1 Bicatenar Compounds = 160
      3.5.2 Tricatenar Compounds = 160
      3.5.3 Tetracatenar Compounds = 160
      3.5.4 Pentacatenar and Hexacatenar(Phasmidic) Compounds = 161
      3.5.5 Summary of the Phase Behaviour of Compounds with More than Two Flexible Chains = 162
    3.6 Twins and Oligomers = 162
      3.6.1 Fused Twins = 163
      3.6.2 Ligated Twins = 163
      3.6.3 Twins with Lateral-Terminal and Lateral-Lateral Linking = 164
      3.6.4 Twins winth Tail-to-Tail(Terminal-Terminal) Linking = 164
      3.6.5 Cyclic Dimers and Oligomers = 166
      3.6.6 Calamitic-Discotic Dimers = 166
      3.6.7 Star-Like Compounds = 167
    3.7 Epitaxygens = 168
    3.8 Associated Liquid Crystals = 169
    3.9 Salt-Like Compounds and Metal Complexes = 170
      3.9.1 Salts = 170
      3.9.2 Inverse Salts = 170
      3.9.3 Metallomesogens = 171
  4 Discotics = 171
    4.1 Derivatives of Benzene and Cyclohexane = 172
    4.2 Large Ring Systems = 172
    4.3 Complex-Forming Salts and Related Compounds = 174
    4.4 Pyramidal(Bowlic), Tubular and Related Compounds = 176
    4.5 Substituted Sugars = 177
  5 Conclusion = 177
  6 References = 179
Chapter Ⅶ : Physical Properties = 189
  1 Tensor Properties of Anisotropic Materials / David Dunmur ; Kazuhisa Toriyama = 189
    1.1 Macroscopic and Microscopic Properties = 194
    1.2 References = 202
  2 Magnetic Properties of Liquid Crystals / David Dunmur ; Kazuhisa Toriyama = 204
    2.1 Magnetic Anisotropy = 204
    2.2 Types of Magnetic Polarization = 206
      2.2.l Diamagnetism = 206
        2.2.2 Paramagnetism = 206
      2.2.3 Ferromagnetism = 208
    2.3 Diamagnetic Liquid Crystals = 208
    2.4 Paramagnetic Liquid Crystals = 210
    2.5 Ferromagnetic Liquid Crystals = 212
    2.6 Applications of Magnetic Properties = 212
    2.7 References = 214
  3 Optical Properties / David Dunmur ; Kazuhisa Toriyama = 215
    3.1 Symmetry of Liquid Crystal Phases and the Optical Indicatrix = 217
    3.2 Molecular Theory of Refractive Indices = 217
    3.3 Optical Absorption and Linear Dichroism = 221
    3.4 Refractive Indices and Liquid Crystal Phase Structure = 223
    3.5 Optics of Helicoidal Liquid Crystal Structures = 226
    3.6 References = 229
  4 Dielectric Properties / David Dunmur ; Kazuhisa Toriyama = 231
    4.1 Dielectric Response of Isotropic Fluids = 231
    4.2 Dielectric Properties of Anisotropic Fluids = 235
      4.2.1 The Electric Permittivity at Low Frequencies : The Static Case = 235
        4.2.1.1 Nematic Phase = 235
      4.2.2 Frequency Dependence of the Electric Permittivity : Dielectric Relaxation = 245
    4.3 References = 251
  5 Elastic Properties / David Dunmur ; Kazuhisa Toriyama = 253
    5.1 Introduction to Torsional Elasticity = 253
    5.2 Director Distribution Defects and Fluctuations = 259
      5.2.1 Defects in Liquid Crystals = 260
      5.2.2 Fluctuations = 262
    5 3 Curvature Elasticity of Liquid Crystals in Three Dimensions = 263
    5.4 Electric and Magnetic Field-induced Deformations = 265
      5.4.1 Director Distribution in Magnetic Fields = 266
      5.4.2 Director Distribution in Electric Fields = 269
      5.4.3 Fr \e' edericksz Transitions as a Method for Measuring Elastic Constants = 270
        5.4.3.1 Capacitance Method = 270
        5.4.3.2 Birefringence Method = 271
      5.4.4 Fr \e' edericksz Transition for Chiral Nematics = 272
      5.4.5 Fr \e' edericksz Transitions for Smectic Phases = 273
    5.5 Molecular Aspects of Torsional Elasticity = 274
      5.5.1 van der Waals Theory = 274
      5.5.2 Results from Lattice Models = 277
      5.5.3 Mean Field and Hard Particle Theories = 277
      5.5.4 Computer Simulations = 278
    5.6 Experimental Aspects of Elastic Constants and Comparison with Theoretical Predictions = 279
    5.7 References = 280
  6 Phase Transitions = 281
    6.1 Phase Transitions Theories / Philippe Barois = 281
      6.1.1 Introduction = 281
      6.1.2 The Isotropic-Nematic Transition = 281
        6.1.2.1 Mean Field Approach(Landau-de Gennes) = 281
        6.1.2.2 Fluctuations = 284
        6.1.2.3 Isotropic-Nematic Transition in Restricted Geometries = 284
      6.1.3 The Nematic-Smectic A Transition = 285
        6.1.3.1 Definition of an Order Parameter = 285
        6.1.3.2 Mean Field Description(McMillan, de Gennes) = 286
        6.1.3.3 Analogy with Superconductors = 286
        6.1.3.4 Critical Exponents and Scaling = 289
        6.1.3.5 Renormalization Group Procedures = 288
        6.1.3.6 Dislocation Loops Theory = 288
      6.1.4 The Smectic A-Smectic C Transition = 291
        6.1.4.1 The Super fluid Helium Analogy = 291
        6.1.4.2 The N-SmA-SmC Point = 291
      6.1.5 The Smectic A-Hexatic Smectic B Transition = 293
      6.1.6 Phase Transitions in Chiral Liquid Crystals = 294
        6.1.6.1 Chirality in Nematic and Smectic Liquid Crystals = 294
        6.1.6.2 Mean Field Chiral N-SmA-SmC model = 295
        6.1.6.3 Twist Grain Boundary Phases = 296
      6.1.7 Frustrated Smectics = 298
        6.1.7.1.Polar Smectics = 298
        6.1.7.2 The Model of Frustrated Smectics(Prost) = 299
        6.1.7.3 The Mean Field Model = 301
        6.1.7.4 Critical Properties of the Isolated SmA-SmA Critical Point = 304
        6.1.7.5 The Re-entrant Phenomenon = 306
      6.1.8 Conclusions = 307
      6.1.9 References = 308
    6.2 Experimental Methods and Typical Results = 310
      6.2.1 Thermal Methods / Jan Thoen = 310
        6.2.1.1 Introduction = 310
        6.2.1.2 Theoretical Background = 310
        6.2.1.3 Experimental Methods = 314
        6.2.1.4 Calorimetric Results = 323
        6.2.1.5 Photoacoustic and Photopyroelectric Results = 331
        6.2.1.6 Acknowledgements = 332
        6.2.1.7 References = 332
      6.2.2 Density / Wolfgang Wedler = 334
        6.2.2.1 Instrumentation = 334
        6.2.2.2. General Conclusions from Density Studies on Liquid Crystals = 334
        6.2.2.3 Studies of Calamitic Compounds = 338
        6.2.2.4 Discotics = 343
        6.2.2.5 Lyotropics and Anhydrous Soaps = 343
        6.2.2.6 Polymeric Liquid Crystals = 343
        6.2.2.7 Further Studies = 343
      6.2.3 Metabolemeter / Wolfgang Wedler = 350
        6.2.3.1 Thermobarograms = 352
        6.2.3.2 References = 355
      6.2.4 High Pressure Investigations / P. Pollmann = 355
        6.2.4.1 Introduction = 355
        6.2.4.2 Phase transitions at High Pressures = 356
        6.2.4.3 Critical Phase Transitions Under Pressure = 368
        6.2.4.4 Pressure-Volume-Temperature Behavior = 371
        6.2.4.5 Appendix = 375
        6.2.4.6 References = 376
    6.3 Fluctuations and Liquid Crystal Phase Transitions / P. E. Cladis = 379
      6.3.1 Introduction = 379
      6.3.2 The Nematic-Isotropic Transition = 380
      6.3.3 The Uniaxial-Biaxial Nematic Transition = 381
      6.3.4 Type Ⅰ Smectic A's : Nematic-Smectic A Transition = 381
      6.3.5 Type Ⅱ Smectic A's : Cholesteric-Smectic A Transition = 383
      6.3.6 Transitions between Tilted and Orthogonal Smectic Phases = 384
      6.3.7 B-SmB-SmA Transitions = 385
      6.3.8 Fluctuations at Critical Points = 386
        6.3.8.1 B PI II -Isotropic = 386
        6.3.8.2 Sm Ad and Sm AI = 386
        6.3.8.3 NAC Multicritical Point = 387
      6.3.9 Conclusion = 387
      6.3.10 References and Notes = 387
    6.4 Re-entrant Phase Transitions in Liquid Crystals / P. E. Cladis = 391
      6.4.1 Introduction = 391
      6.4.2 R1 : Re-entrance from Frustration = 393
      6.4.3 Re-entrance from Geometric Complexity = 400
      6.4.4 R3 : Re-entrance from Competing Fluctuations = 402
      6.4.5 Conclusions = 403
      6.4.6 References = 403
  7 Defects and Textures / Yves Bouligand = 406
    7.1 Definitions, Conventions and Methods = 406
      7.1.1 Local Molecular Alignment = 406
      7.1.2 Microscopic Preparations of Liquid Crystals = 406
        7.1.2.1 Thermotropic Textures = 407
        7.1.2.2 Lyotropic Textures = 409
        7.1.2.3 Liquid Monocrystals = 410
      7.1.3 Images of Liquid Crystals in Polarizing Microscopy = 410
      7.1.4 Other Microscopic Methods = 413
    7.2 Strong Deformations Resulting in Defects = 413
      7.2.1 Singular Points = 413
      7.2.2 Singular Lines = 414
      7.2.3 Walls = 415
      7.2.4 Interface Defects(Points and Lines) = 415
      7.2.5 The Nature of Thick and Thin Threads = 418
    7.3 Topological Structure of Defects = 418
      7.3.1 The Volterra Process = 418
      7.3.2 The Volterra Process in Nematic, Smectic A and Cholesteric Phases = 418
      7.3.3 A Different Version of the Volterra Process = 420
      7.3.4 Continuous and Discontinuous Defects in Cholesteric Phases = 423
      7.3.5 Core Disjunction into Pairs of Disclinations = 427
      7.3.6 Optical Contrast = 428
      7.3.7 Classification of Defects = 429
    7.4 Geometrical Constraints and Textures = 430
      7.4.1 Parallel Surfaces and Caustics in Liquid Crystals = 430
      7.4.2 Dupin's Cyclides and Focal Conics = 430
      7.4.3 Slight Deformations of Dupin's Cyclides = 433
      7.4.4 Textures Produced by Parallel Fluid Layers = 434
        7.4.4.1 Planar Textures = 434
        7.4.4.2 Focal Conics and Polygonal Textures = 435
        7.4.4.3 Fan Textures = 436
        7.4.4.4 Texture Distribution in Lamellar Mesophases = 437
        7.4.4.5 Illusory Conics = 439
        7.4.4.6 Walls, Pseudowalls and Broken Aspects = 439
      7.4.5 Origin of Spirals in Chiral Liquid Crystals = 442
      7.4.6 Defects and Mesophase Growth = 443
        7.4.7.2 Disclination Lines = 445
        7.4.7.3 Focal Curves = 446
        7.4.7.4 Translation Dislocations = 447
        7.4.7.5 Simulations of Defects and Textures = 447
        7.4.7.6 Defect Nucleation = 448
        7.4.7.7 Textures and Defect Associations = 448
        7.4.7.8 Crystals of Defects = 450
    7.5 References = 450
  8 Flow Phenomena and Viscosity / F. Schneider ; H. Kneppe = 454
    8.1 Nematic Liquid Crystals = 455
      8.1.1 Shear Viscosity Coefficients η1 , η2 , η3 , and η1 2 = 455
      8.1.2 Rotational Viscosity = 456
      8.1.3 Flow Alignment = 458
      8.1.4 Viscous Flow under the Influence of Elastic Torques = 460
      8.1.5 Transverse Pressure = 462
      8.1.6 Back flow = 463
      8.1.7 Discotic Liquid Crystals = 464
      8.1.8 Influence of Temperature and Order Parameter on the Viscosity Coefficients = 464
      8.1.9 Concluding Remarks = 465
    8.2 Cholesteric Liquid Crystals = 466
      8.2.1 Helical Axis Parallel to the Shear Gradient(Case Ⅰ) = 466
      8.2.2 Helical Axis Parallel to the Flow Direction(Case Ⅱ) = 467
      8.2.3 Helical Axis Normal to v and grad v(Case Ⅲ) = 467
      8.2.4 Torque Generation Under Flow = 468
    8.3 Biaxial Nematic Liquid Crystals = 468
      8.3.1 Shear Viscosity Coefficients = 469
      8.3.2 Rotational Viscosity Coefficients = 470
      8.3.3 Flow Alignment = 470
    8.4 SmC Phase = 470
      8.4.1 Shear Flow with a Fixed Director Orientation = 471
      8.4.2 Rotational Viscosity = 472
      8.4.3 Flow Alignment = 473
      8.4.4 Sm C* Phase = 473
    8.5 SmA Phase = 474
    8.6 References = 475
  9 Behavior of Liquid Crystals in Electric and Magnetic Fields / Lev M. Blinov = 477
    9.1 Introduction = 477
    9.2 Direct Influence of an Electric or Magnetic Field on Liquid Crystal Structure = 478
      9.2.1 Shift of Phase Transition Temperatures = 478
        9.2.1.1 Second-Order Transitions = 478
        9.2.1.2 Strong First-Order Transitions = 479
        9.2.1.3 Weak First-Order Transitions = 481
      9.2.2 Influence of the Field on Order Parameters = 482
      9.2.3 Changes in Symmetry = 483
        9.2.3.1 Induced Biaxiality in Nematics = 483
        9.2.3.2 The Kerr Effect = 484
      9.2.4 Specific Features of Twisted Phases and Polymers = 485
        9.2.4.1 Blue Phases = 485
        9.2.4.2 Twist Grain Boundary Phases = 487
        9.2.4.3 Comment on Polymer Liquid Crystals = 488
    9.3 Distortions due to Direct Interaction of a Field with the Director = 488
      9.3.1 Nematics = 488
        9.3.1.1 Classical Frederiks Transition = 488
        9.3.1.2 Field-Induced Periodic Structures = 492
        9.3.1.3 Flexo-Electric Phenomena = 493
      9.3.2 Twisted Nematics and Cholesterics = 497
        9.3.2.l Twist and Supertwist Structures = 497
        9.3.2.2 Instability of the Planar Cholesteric Texture = 499
        9.3.2.3 Field Untwisting of the Cholesteric Helix = 501
        9.3.2.4 Flexoelectric Effects = 503
      9.3.3 Smectics and Discotics = 505
        9.3.3.1 Field Behavior of Achiral Smectics = 505
        9.3.3.2 Chiral Ferroelectrics and Antiferroelectrics = 508
    9.4 Electrohydrodynamic Instabilities = 515
      9.4.1 Nematics = 515
        9.4.1.1 Classification of Instabilities = 515
        9.4.1.2 Isotropic Modes = 516
        9.4.1.3 Anisotropic Modes = 521
      9.4.2 Cholesterics and Smectics = 526
        9.4.2.1 Cholesterics = 526
        9.4.2.2 Smectics A = 527
        9.4.2.3 Smectics C = 528
    9.5 Conclusion = 529
    9.6 References = 529
  10 Surface Alignment / Blandine J \e' r o ^ me = 535
    10.1 Introduction = 535
    10.2 Macroscopic Alignment of Nematic Liquid Crystals = 536
      10.2.1 Definitions = 536
      10.2.2 Anchoring Directions = 537
      10.2.3 Anchoring Energy = 538
    10.3 Microscopic Surface Order of Nematic Liquid Crystals = 540
      10.3.1 Surface Orientational Order = 540
      10.3.2 Microscopic Anchoring Mechanisms at Solid Substrates = 541
      10.3.3 The Nematic／Isotropic and Nematic／Vapor Interfaces = 543
    10.4 Orientation of Other Liquid Crystals = 544
      10.4.1 Smectic and Chiral Liquid Crystals = 544
      10.4.2 Polymer Liquid Crystals = 546
      10.4.3 Lyotropic Liquid Crystals = 546
    10.5 References = 547
  11 Ultrasonic Properties / Olga A. Kapustina = 549
    11.1 Structural Transformation in Liquid Crystals = 549
      11.1.1 Orientation Phenomena in Nematics = 550
        11.1.1.1 Homogeneous Distortion Stage = 550
        11.1.1.2 Spatially Periodic Distortion Stage = 554
        11.1.1.3 Inhomogeneous Distortion Stage = 555
      11.1.2 Cholesterics in an Ultrasonic Field = 557
        11.1.2.1 Periodic Distortion = 557
        11.1.2.2 Storage Mode = 557
        11.1.2.3 Focal-Conic to Planar Texture Transition = 558
        11.1.2.4 Bubble Domain Texture = 558
        11.1.2.5 Fingerprint Texture Transition = 559
      11.1.3 Smectic Phase in an Ultrasound Field = 559
    11.2 Wave Interactions in Nematics = 559
    11.3 Acousto-electrical Interactions in Nematics = 562
    11.4 Ultrasound Studies of Liquid Crystals = 563
      11.4.1 Ultrasonic Spectroscopy = 563
      11.4.2 Photoacoustic Spectroscopy = 565
      11.4.3 Acoustic Emission = 565
      11.4.4 Monitoring Boundary Effects = 565
      11.4.5 Acoustic Microscopy = 566
    11.5 References = 566
  12 Nonlinear Optical Properties of Liquid Crystals / P. Palffy-Muhoray = 569
    12.1 Introduction = 569
    12.2 Interaction between Electromagnetic Radiation and Liquid Crystals = 569
      12.2.1 Maxwell's Equations = 569
      12.2.2 Nonlinear Susceptibility and Hyperpolarizability = 570
    12.3 Nonlinearities Originating in Director Reorientation = 571
      12.3.l D. C. Kerr Effect = 571
    12.4 Optical Field-Induced Reorientation = 572
    12.5 Nonlinearities without Director Reorientation = 574
      12.5.1 Optical-Field-Induced Orientational Order = 574
      12.5.2 Thermal Effects = 575
      12.5.3 Conformational Effects = 575
      12.5.4 Electronic Response = 576
    12.6 Optical Harmonic Generation = 577
      12.6.1 Bulk Second Harmonic Generation = 577
      12.6.2 Surface Second Harmonic Generation = 578
      12.6.3 Third Harmonic Generation = 578
    12.7 Materials and Potential Applications = 578
    12.8 References = 579
  13 Diffusion in Liquid Crystals / F. Noack = 582
    13.1 Introduction = 582
    13.2 Theoretical Concepts = 582
      13.2.1 The Diffusion Tensor = 582
      13.2.2 Basic Models = 583
      13.2.3 Model Refinements = 585
    13.3 Experimental Techniques = 585
      13.3.1 Tracer Techniques = 585
      13.3.2 Quasielastic Neutron Scattering = 586
      13.3.3 Magnetic Resonance = 586
    13.4 Selected Results = 587
      13.4.1 The Experimental Dilemma = 588
      13.4.2 Nematic Mesophase = 588
      13.4.3 Nematic Homologues = 589
      13.4.4 Smectic Mesophases = 590
      13.4.5 Solute Diffusion = 590
      13.4.6 Lyotropic Mesophases = 591
      13.4.7 Selected Diffusion Constants = 592
    13.5 References = 592
Chapter Ⅷ : Characterization Methods = 595
  1 Magnetic Resonance / Claudia Schmidt ; Hans Wolfgang Spiess = 595
    1.1 Introduction = 595
    1.2 Basic Concepts of NMR(Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) = 596
      1.2.1 Anisotropy of Spin Interactions = 595
      1.2.2 Exchange and Motional Narrowing = 598
      1.2.3 Spin Relaxation = 598
      1.2.4 Advanced Techniques = 599
      1.2.5 Multidimensional Spectroscopy = 600
    1.3 Applications of NMR = 602
      1.3.1 Phase Behavior = 602
      1.3.2 Molecular Orientation and Conformation = 603
      1.3.3 Molecular Dynamics = 607
      1.3.4 Liquid-Crystalline Polymers = 608
      1.3.5 Liquid Crystals in Microconfined Environments = 610
      1.3.6 Viscoelastic Properties = 611
    1.4 ESR(Electron Spin Resonance) of Liquid Crystals = 613
    1.5 Summary = 615
    1.6 References = 616
  2 X-Ray Characterization of Liquid Crystals : Instrumentation / Richard H. Templer = 619
    2.1 Origins of X-Rays = 619
    2.2 Generation of X-Rays in the Laboratory = 620
    2.3 X-Ray Cameras = 621
      2.3.1 The Debye-Scherrer and Flat Film Cameras = 622
      2.3.2 The Guinier Camera = 623
      2.3.3 The Franks Camera = 625
      2.3.4 The Huxley-Holmes Mirror-Monochromator Camera = 626
      2.3.5 The Elliott Toroid Camera and Others = 626
      2.3.6 What Camera Should be Used = 627
    2.4 The Recording of X-Ray Diffraction Patterns = 627
      2.4.1 X-Ray Film = 627
      2.4.2 Image Plates = 628
      2.4.3 Multi-Wire Proportional Counters = 629
      2.4.4 Opto-Electronic X-Ray Imaging Devices = 630
      2.4.5 What Detector Should be Used = 631
    2.5 Holding a Liquid Crystal in the X-Ray Beam = 631
    2.6 Controlling the Sample Environment = 632
    2.7 References = 634
  3 Structural Studies of Liquid Crystals by X-Ray Diffraction / John M. Seddon = 635
    3.1 Introduction = 635
    3.2 Bragg's Law and Powder Diffraction = 636
    3.3 Diffraction Patterns : Unaligned and Aligned Samples = 638
      3.3.1 Unaligned Samples = 638
      3.3.2 Thermotropic Cubic Phases = 641
      3.3.3 Aligned Samples = 641
    3.4 Diffracted Intensity : Molecular Transforms and Reciprocal Lattices = 641
    3.5 Translational Order = 644
      3.5.1 Long-range Order = 644
      3.5.2 Smectic Order Parameters = 646
      3.5.3 Quasi-long-range Order = 647
      3.5.4 Short-range Order = 648
      3.5.5 Lattice Orientational Order = 648
      3.5.6 Diffuse Scattering = 649
    3.6 Nematic Phase = 649
      3.6.1 Biaxial Nematics = 650
      3.6.2 Critical Behavior of the N-SmA Transition = 650
      3.6.3 Orientational Order Parameters = 651
    3.7 Smectic A and Smectic C Phases = 652
      3.7.1 Smectic A polymorphism = 653
      3.7.2 Smectic C and C* Phases = 654
      3.7.3 Ferroelectric Smectic C Phases = 655
    3.8 Modulated and Incommensurate Fluid Smectic Phases = 656
      3.8.1 Modulated Phases = 656
      3.8.2 Incommensurate Phases = 658
      3.8.3 Re-entrant Phases = 658
      3.8.4 Liquid Crystal Surfaces : X-ray Reflectivity = 659
    3.9 Twist Grain Boundary Phases = 659
    3.10 Hexatic Phases = 661
    3.11 Ordered Smectic Phases = 664
    3.12 Crystalline Packing and Conformation of Mesogens = 667
    3.13 Columnar Liquid Crystals = 668
    3.14 Liquid Crystal Polymers = 669
      3.14.1 Block Copolymers = 671
    3.15 References = 671
  4 Neutron Scattering / Robert M. Richardson = 680
    4.1 Introduction = 680
    4.2 Neutron Scattering Experiments = 681
    4.3 Neutron Diffraction from Isotopically Labelled Samples = 682
      4.3.1 Orientational Order in Low Molar Mass Materials = 682
      4.3.2 The Background to Small Angle Neutron Scattering from Polymers = 684
      4.3.3 Small Angle Neutron Scattering(SANS) Results from Side Chain Liquid Crystal Polymers = 685
      4.3.4 SANS Results from Main Chain Liquid Crystal Polymers = 686
    4.4 Dynamics of Liquid Crystals = 687
      4.4.1 Time Resolved Diffraction = 687
      4.4.2 Coherent Inelastic Neutron Scattering = 687
      4.4.3 Background to Incoherent Quasi-Elastic Neutron Scattering(IQENS) = 687
      4.4.4 Instruments for High Resolution IQENS = 688
      4.4.5 IQENS Measurements of Translational Diffusion = 689
      4.4.6 IQENS from the Localized Motion of Calamitic Molecules = 690
      4.4.7 IQENS from Other Types of Mesophase = 695
      4.4.8 Medium Resolution IQENS Studies = 695
    4.5 Conclusions = 696
    4.6 References = 697
  5 Light Scattering from Liquid Crystals / Helen F. Gleeson = 699
    5.1 Light Scattering from Nematic Liquid Crystals = 699
      5.1.1 Static Light Scattering from Nematic Liquid Crystals = 699
      5.1.2 Dynamic Light Scattering from Nematic Liquid Crystals = 702
      5.1.3 Forced Rayleigh Scattering = 708
    5.2 Cholesteric and Blue Phases = 708
    5.3 Light Scattering from the Smectic A Phase = 709
    5.4 Light Scattering from Achiral and Chiral Smectic C Phases = 709
    5.5 Pretransitional Light Scattering Studies = 713
      5.5.1 The Isotropic to Nematic Phase Transition = 713
      5.5.2 The Isotropic to Cholesteric or Blue Phase Transition = 713
      5.5.3 Smectic Phase Transitions = 714
    5.6 References = 716
  6 Brillouin Scattering from Liquid Crystals / Helen F. Gleeson = 719
    6.1 Brillouin Scattering in the Isotropic and Nematic Phases = 720
    6.2 Brillouin Scattering in the Cholesteric and Isotropic Phases = 722
    6.3 Brillouin Scattering in the Smectic A Phase = 723
    6.4 Brillouin Scattering in the Smectic C Phase = 725
    6.5 References = 725
  7 M o ·· ssbauer Studies of Liquid Crystals / Helen F. Gleeson = 727
    References = 730
Chapter Ⅸ : Applications = 731
  1 Displays / Ian C. Sage = 731
    1.1 Introduction = 731
    1.2 Display Construction = 731
    1.3 Quasi-Fr \e' edericksz Effect Displays in Nematic Liquid Crystals = 733
      1.3.1 The Fr \e' edericksz Transition = 733
      1.3.2 Transitions in Twisted Nematic Layers = 735
      1.3.3 Optical Properties of Nematic Layers = 739
      1.3.4 Nematic Devices with Wider Viewing Angle = 744
      1.3.5 Dichroic Dyed Displays = 745
      1.3.6 Materials for Twisted and Supertwisted Nematic Displays = 746
    1.4 Scattering Mode Liquid Crystal Devices = 748
    1.5 Addressing Nematic Liquid Crystal Displays = 751
    1.6 Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Displays = 754
    1.7 References = 760
  2 Nondisplay Applications of Liquid Crystals / William A. Crossland ; Timothy D. Wilkinson = 763
    2.1 Liquid Crystal Spatial Light Modulation = 763
      2.1.1 Polarized Light and Birefingence = 763
        2.1.1.1 The Half Wave plate = 765
        2.1.1.2 The Quarter Wave plate = 766
        2.1.1.3 Linear Polarizers = 766
      2.1.2 Electro-Optic Effects in Chiral Smectic C Phases = 766
      2.1.3 The FLC Spatial Light Modulator = 768
      2.1.4 Binary Intensity Modulation = 768
      2.1.5 Binary Phase Modulation = 770
      2.1.6 The FLC Optically Addressed Spatial Light Modulator(OASLM) = 771
    2.2 Optical Correlation = 773
      2.2.1 The Positive Lens and the Fourier Transform = 773
      2.2.2 Correlation by Fourier Transform = 775
      2.2.3 The Matched Filter = 777
      2.2.4 The Joint Transform Correlator = 783
    2.3 Optical Interconnects = 785
      2.3.1 Computer-Generated Holograms = 786
      2.3.2 Polarization Insensitive Holographic Replay = 790
      2.3.3 Holographic Interconnects = 792
        2.3.3.1 The One to n Holographic Switch = 793
        2.3.3.2 The n to n Holographic Switch = 796
      2.3.4 Shadow Routed Crossbars = 798
        2.3.4.1 The 1 to n Shadow Logic Switch = 799
        2.3.4.2 The n by n Crossbar Switch = 800
        2.3.4.3 The OCPM(Optically Connected Parallel Machine) Optical Switch = 800
        2.3.4.4 The ATM(Asynchronous Transfer Mode) Switch = 802
    2.4 Wavelength Tuneable Filters and Lasers = 803
      2.4.1 The Digitally Tuneable Wavelength Filter = 803
      2.4.2 Digitally Tuneable Fiber Laser = 806
      2.4.3 Liquid Crystal Birefringent Wavelength Filters = 807
      2.4.4 Fabry Perot Based Wavelength Filters = 809
    2.5 Optical Neural Networks and Smart Pixels = 810
      2.5.1 The Optical Vector Processor = 811
      2.5.2 Computer-Generated Holograms as Synapses = 812
      2.5.3 Hybrid Opto-Electronic Neural Networks = 813
      2.5.4 Smart Pixels and SLMs = 814
    2.6 Other Applications = 817
      2.6.1 Three-Dimensional Video = 817
      2.6.2 α - Si／Novelty Filter = 818
      2.6.3 In-fiber Liquid Crystal Devices = 818
      2.6.4 Liquid Crystal Lenses = 819
      2.6.5 Optical Aberration Correction = 819
      2.6.6 Switchable Phase Delays for Phase Array Antennae = 820
    2.7 References = 820
  3 Thermography Using Liquid Crystals / Helen F. Gleeson = 823
    3.1 Introduction = 823
    3.2 Device Structures = 825
    3.3 Engineering and Aerodynamic Research = 827
    3.4 Medical Thermography = 830
    3.5 Thermal Mapping and Nondestructive Testing = 831
    3.6 Radiation Detection = 833
    3.7 References = 834
  4 Liquid Crystals as Solvents for Spectroscopic, Chemical Reaction, and Gas Chromatographic Applications / William J. Leigh ; Mark S. Workentin = 839
    4.1 Introduction = 839
    4.2 Liquid Crystals as Solvents in Spectroscopy = 840
      4.2.1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy = 840
        4.2.1.1 Solute Structure Determination [4, 10-17] = 841
        4.2.1.2 Chemical Shift and Indirect Coupling Anisotropies [237] = 842
        4.2.1.3 Quadrupolar Coupling Constants [10, 11, 261, 262] = 843
        4.2.1.4 Dynamics of Intramolecular Motions [8, 270-272] = 844
        4.2.1.5 Enantiomeric Purity of Optically Active Solutes = 845
      4.2.2 Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy [2, 3, 9, 299] = 845
      4.2.3 Polarized Optical Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy [1, 2, 304, 305] = 845
      4.2.4 Enantiomeric Purity and Structure of Optically Active Solutes [338] = 847
    4.3 Liquid Crystals as So1vents in Chemical Reactions [344-348, 350, 440] = 848
      4.3.1 Potential Effects of Anisotropic Solvents on Solute Chemical Reactivity = 848
      4.3.2 Solubility Factors and Phase Separation = 849
      4.3.3 Selection of a Liquid Crystal as a So1vent = 851
      4.3.4 Selected Highlights : Reactions in Liquid Crystalline Solvents = 852
      4.3.5 Reactions in Liquid Crystals : 1981-1996 = 856
    4.4 Liquid Crystals in Gas Chromatographic Applications [444-449] = 857
      4.4.1 Liquid Crystals as Anisotropic Stationary Phases = 857
      4.4.2 Application of Liquid Crystal Stationary Phases for the Determination of Thermodynamic Data for Nonmesogenic Solutes = 859
    4.5 References = 885
Index Volume 1 = 897


2.2

CONTENTS
Part Ⅰ : Main-Chain Thermotropic Liquid-Crystalline Polymers = 1
  Chapter Ⅰ : Synthesis, Structure and Properties = 3
    1 Aromatic Main Chain Liquid Crystalline Polymers / Andreas Greiner ; Hans-Werner Schmidt = 3
      1.1 Introduction = 3
      1.2 Structural Modification Concepts of Liquid Crystal Polymers(LCPs) = 4
      1.3 Aromatic LC(Liquid Crystal) Polyesters = 7
        1.3.1 polyesters with Moieties of Different Lengths = 10
        1.3.2 Polyesters with Kinked or Double Kinked Moieties = 10
        1.3.3 Polyesters with Crankshaft Moieties = 13
        1.3.4 Polyesters with Lateral Substituents = 15
          1.3.4.1 Polymers with Flexible Substitutents = 16
          1.3.4.2 Polymers with Stiff Bulky Substituents = 19
        1.3.5 Polyesters with Noncoplanar Aromatic Moieties = 20
      1.4 Para-Linked Aromatic Polyamides = 22
      1.5 References = 23
    2 Main Chain Liquid Crystalline Semiflexible Polymers / Emo Chiellini ; Michele Laus = 26
      2.1 Introduction = 26
      2.2 Preparation of Main Chain Liquid Crystalline Polymers(MCLCPs) = 27
        2.2.l Generalities = 27
        2.2.2 Polyesters = 28
        2.2.3 Polyesters = 32
        2.2.4 Polyurethanes = 33
        2.2.5 Polyamides = 36
        2.2.6 Polysiloxanes = 36
        2.2.7 Poly(β-aminoester)s and Poly(β-thioester)s = 38
      2.3 Structure-Liquid Crystalline Property Correlations = 39
        2.3.1 Mesogenic Group Effects = 40
        2.3.2 Flexible Spacer Effects = 42
          2.3.2.1 Polymethylene Spacers = 42
          2.3.2.3 Polysiloxane Spacers = 45
        2.3.3 Spacer Substituent effects = 46
        2.3.4 Copolymerization Effects = 46
        2.3.5 Molar Mass and Molar Mass Distribution Effects = 47
      2.4 References = 49
    3 Combined Liquid Crystalline Main-Chain／Side-Chain Polymers / Rudolf Zentel = 52
      3.1 Introduction = 52
      3.2 Molecular Structure of Combined LC Polymers = 53
        3.2.1 Polymers with Side-Chain Mesogens Linked at the Main Chain Spacer = 53
          3.2.1.1 Achiral Combined LC Polymers = 53
          3.2.1.2 Chiral Combined LC Polymers = 55
          3.2.1.3 Cross-Linked LC Elastomers = 56
        3.2.2 Polymers with Side-Chain Mesogens Linked at the Main Chain Mesogen = 57
      3.3 Properties of Combined LC Polymers = 58
        3.3.1 Structure-Property Relationships and Types of LC Phase = 58
        3.3.2 Interaction of Main-Chain and Side-Chain Mesogens = 60
        3.3.3 Rheology and LC Elastomers = 62
      3.4 References = 64
    4 Block Copolymers Containing Liquid Crystalline Segments / Guoping Mao ; Christopher K. Ober = 66
      4.1 Introduction = 66
        4.1.1 Block Copolymers : a Brief Review = 66
        4.1.2 Liquid Crystalline Polymers : Architecture = 67
        4.1.3 Architecture of Liquid Crystalline Block Copolymers = 67
        4.1.4 General Features of Liquid Crystalline Block Copolymers = 68
      4.2 Rod-Coil Diblock Copolymer Systems = 70
        4.2.1 Polypeptides as the Rod Block = 70
        4.2.2 Rod-Coil Block Copolymers with Short Rod Blocks = 72
        4.2.3 Rod-Coil Block Copolymers Based on Polyisocyanates = 74
        4.2.4 Discussion of Rod-Coil Systems = 76
      4.3 Side Group Liquid Crystal-Coil Diblock Copolymer Systems = 78
        4.3.1 Synthesis and Characterization of the Side Group Liquid Crystal-Coil Systems = 78
        4.3.2 Properties of Side Group Liquid Crystal-Coil Systems = 82
          4.3.2.1 Liquid Crystal Properties in Side Group Liquid Crystal-Coil Systems = 82
          4.3.2.2 Phase Diagram for Side Group Liquid Crystal-Coil Systems = 83
          4.3.2.3 Interface Thickness = 86
          4.3.2.4 Interplay of Liquid Crystallinity and Macrophase Separation = 86
      4.4 Applications of Liquid Crystal-Block Copolymers = 87
        4.4.1 Microphase Stabilized Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Displays = 88
        4.4.2 Self-healing, Stable, Low Surface Energy Materials Based on Liquid Crystal-Block opolymers = 89
      4.5 Future Work = 90
      4.6 References = 90
  Chapter Ⅱ : Defects and Textures in Nematic Main-Chain Liquid Crystalline Polymers / Claudine Noel = 93
    1 Introduction = 93
    2 Textural Assignments = 94
      2.1 The Basic Equations = 94
      2.2 Some Consequences of Elastic Anisotropy = 97
      2.3 Topology of Director Fields : Homotopy Groups and Classification of Defects = 99
        2.3.1 Uniaxial Nematics = 99
        2.3.2 Biaxial Nematics = 101
    3 Defects in Nematic Main-Chain Liquid Crystalline Polymers = 102
    4 Biaxial Nematic Main-Chain Liquid Crystalline Polymers = 104
    5 Defect Associations and Textures at Rest = 105
    6 Flow-induced Textures and their Relaxation Behavior = 114
    7 References = 118
Part II : Side-Group Thermotropic Liquid-Crystalline Polymers = 121
  Chapter Ⅲ : Molecular Engineering of Side Chain Liquid Crystalline Polymers by Living Polymerizations / Coleen Pugh ; Alan L. Kiste = 123
    1 Introduction = 123
      1.1 Chain Polymerizations = 123
      1.2 Living Polymerizations = 125
    2 ‘Living' Polymerizations used to Synthesize Side Chain Liquid Crystalline Polymers = 127
      2.l Anionic and Group Transfer Polymerizations of Olefins = 127
      2.2 Polymerizations with Metalloporphyrins = 133
      2.3 Cationic Polymerizations of Olefins = 136
      2.4 Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerizations = 142
      2.5 Polymer Analogous Reactions on Well-Defined Precursor Polymers = 149
    3 Structure／Property Correlations Determined using 'Living' Polymerizations = 152
      3.1 The Effect of Molecular Weight = 152
      3.2 The Effect of the Mesogen = 156
      3.3 The Effect of the Spacer = 159
      3.4 The Effect of the Nature of the Polymer Back bone = 163
      3.5 The Effect of Tacticity = 167
      3.6 The Effect of Polydispersity = 169
    4 Chain Copolymerizations = 171
      4.1 Block Copolymers = 172
        4.1.1 Anionic and Group Transfer Copolymerizations = 174
        4.1.2 Cationic Copolymerization = 177
        4.1.3 Copolymerizations with Metalloporphyrins = 181
        4.1.4 Ring-Opening Metathesis Copolymerizations = 181
        4.1.5 Morphology and Thermotropic Behavior of Side-Chain Liquid Crystalline Block Copolymers = 183
      4.2 Graft Copolymers = 190
      4.3 Statistical Binary Copolymers = 192
    5 Other Factors Controlling the Thermotropic Behavior of SCLCPs as Studied using Living Polymerizations : Induction of Smectic Layering using Immiscible Components = 197
    6 The Future = 197
    7 References = 199
  Chapter Ⅳ : Behavior and Properties of Side Group Thermotropic Liquid Crystal Polymers / Jean-Claude Dubois ; Pierre Le Barny ; Monique Mauzac ; Claudine Noel = 207
    1 Introduction = 207
    2 Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Polymers' Behavior = 208
      2.1 Chemical Structures of Sm Liquid Crystal Polymers = 208
        2.1.1 Homopolymers = 208
        2.1.2 Copolymers and Terpolymers = 208
        2.1.3 Oligomers = 212
        2.1.4 Combined Polymers = 212
      2.2 Phase Behavior = 212
        2.2.1 Means of Investigation = 212
        2.2.2 Chemical Structure-Phase Behavior Relationships = 213
        2.2.3 Influence of the Molecular Weight = 213
        2.2.4 Influence of the Dilution of the Mesogenic, Groups = 214
        2.2.5 Occurrence of Unusual Mesophases in Chiral Side Chain Polymers = 215
      2.3 Ferroelectric Properties of Sm Polymers = 217
        2.3.1 Uniform Alignment = 218
      2.3.2 Experimental Methods for Measuring the Spontaneous Polarization = 218
      2.3.3 Spontaneous Polarization Behavior of FLCPs(Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Polymers) = 218
        2.3.4 Tilt Angle and Spontaneous Polarization = 222
      2.4 Electrooptic Behavior = 223
        2.4.1 Ferroelectric Switching = 223
        2.4.2 Electroclinic Switching = 225
        2.4.3 Antiferroelectric Switching = 226
        2.4.4 Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy = 227
      2.5 Potential Applications of FLCPs = 227
        2.5.1 Nonlinear Optics(NLO) = 227
        2.5.2 Pyroelectric Detectors = 227
        2.5.3 Display Devices = 228
    3 Side Chain Liquid Crystalline Networks and Mechanical Properties = 229
      3.1 Theoretical Approaches = 229
        3.1.1 Landau-de Gennes Description of Nematic Elastomers = 229
        3.1.2 Models for Nematic Rubber Elasticity = 230
      3.2 Characterization of Networks = 231
      3.2.1 General Features = 231
        3.2.2 Effective Crosslinking Density = 231
      3.3 Mechanical Field Effects on Liquid-Crystalline Networks = 234
        3.3.1 Response of the Network as a Function of the Stress = 235
        3.3.2 Thermal Evaluation of the Elastic Modulus = 236
        3.3.3 Mechanical Orientability of the Mesogens = 237
        3.3.4 Electromechanical Properties = 240
    4 Nonlinear Optical Properties = 242
      4.1 Introduction = 242
      4.2 Theoretical Approach = 242
        4.2.1 Second Harmonic Generation(SHG) = 242
        4.2.2 Theoretical Models for the Electric Field Poling = 244
        4.2.3 The Electrooptic Effect = 245
      4.3 Liquid Crystalline Systems = 246
        4.3.1 Molecular Design for High NLO Activity = 246
        4.3.2 NLO Liquid Crystalline Systems = 247
          4.3.2.1 Guest-Host Materials = 247
          4.3.2.2 LC Copolymers Containing Both Nematogenic(or Smectogenic) and Active Side Groups = 249
          4.3.2.3 SCLCPs Wherein the NLO Active Possess Mesogenic Properties Themselves = 254
          4.3.2.4 Ferroelectric LC Polymeric Systems = 265
          4.3.2.5 Rigid Rod-Like Polymers = 267
    5 References = 270
  Chapter Ⅴ : Physical Properties of Liquid Crystalline Elastomers / Helmut R. Brand ; Heino Finkelmann = 277
    1 Introduction = 277
    2 Phase Transitions = 277
      2.1 The Nematic-Isotropic Phase Transition = 277
        2.1.1 Mechanical Properties of Polydomains = 277
        2.1.2 Mechanical Properties of Monodomains : Liquid Single Crystal Elastomers = 279
        2.1.3 Optical Properties of Polydomains = 281
        2.1.4 Optical Properties of Monodomains : Liquid Single Crystal Elastomers = 284
        2.1.5 Electric and Dielectric Properties = 285
        2.1.6 NMR Investigations of Monodomains = 285
        2.1.7 Models for the Nematic-Isotropic Transition for Poly-and Monodomains = 287
        2.1.8 X-ray Investigations = 288
      2.2 The Cholesteric-Isotropic Phase Transition = 288
      2.3 The Smectic A-Isotropic Phase Transition = 289
      2.4 The Discotic-Isotropic Phase Transition = 289
      2.5 Other Phase Transitions in Liquid Crystalline Elastomers = 290
    3 Macroscopic Properties = 291
      3.1 Nematic Phase = 291
        3.1.1 Mechanical Properties of Polydomains = 291
        3.1.2 Mechanical Properties of Monodomains : Liquid Single Crystal Elastomers = 292
        3.1.3 Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Polydomains = 293
        3.1.4 Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Monodomains = 293
        3.1.5 Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields = 294
        3.1.6 Diffusion Effects = 294
        3.1.7 Macroscopic Equations = 295
        3.1.8 Rubber Elasticity = 295
        3.1.9 X-ray Investigations = 295
      3.2 Cholesteric Phase = 295
        3.2.1 Mechanical Properties = 295
        3.2.2 Electromechanical Properties = 296
      3.3 Smectic A and Smectic C Phases = 297
      3.4 Smectic Phase = 298
        3.4.1 Mechanical Properties of Polydomains = 298
        3.4.2 Nonlinear Optical Properties = 299
        3.4.3 Electromechanical Properties of Polydomains = 300
      3.5 Discotic Phases and Hexagonal Lyotropic Phases = 300
    4 References = 301
Part Ⅲ : Amphiphilic Liquid-Crystals = 303
  Chapter Ⅵ : Amphotropic Liquid-Crystals / Dieter Blunk ; Klaus Praefcke ; Volkmar Vill = 305
    1 Introduction, Remarks on History = 305
    2 Principles of Molecular Structures = 309
      2.1 Simple Amphiphiles = 311
      2.2 Bolaamphiphiles = 324
      2.3 'Y'-Shaped Materials = 327
      2.4 Disc-shaped Amphiphiles = 330
      2.5 Metallomesogens = 332
      2.6 Polyphilic Liquid Crystals = 334
      2.7 Further Molecular Architectures = 335
    3 General Phase Behavior = 335
    4 Summary = 336
    5 References = 336
  Chapter Ⅶ : Lyotropic Surfactant Liquid Crystals / C. Fairhurst ; S. Fuller ; J. Gray ; M. C. Holmes ; G. J. T. Tiddy = 341
    1 Introduction = 341
    2 Surfactant Solutions : Micelles = 342
    3 Liquid Crystal Structures = 348
      3.1 Lamellar Phase(Lα) = 349
      3.2 Hexagonal Phases(H1, H2) = 350
      3.3 Cubic Phases = 350
      3.4 Nematic Phases = 353
      3.5 Gel Phases(Lβ) = 354
      3.6 Intermediate Phases = 356
    4 Phase Behavior of Nonionic Surfactants = 359
    5 Block Copolymer Nonionic Surfactants = 373
    6 Zwitterionic Surfactants = 376
    7 Ionic Surfactants = 376
    8 The Influence of Third Components = 381
      8.1 Cosurfactants = 381
      8.2 Mixed Surfactants = 383
      8.3 Oils = 384
      8.4 Hydrotropes = 384
      8.5 Electrolytes = 385
      8.6 Alternative Solvents = 386
    9 Conclusions = 388
    10 References = 389
  Chapter Ⅷ : Living Systems / Siegfried Hoffmann = 393
    1 Introduction = 393
    2 Biomesogens and the Grand Process = 394
      2 1 Historical Dualities = 395
      2 2 "Genesis" and Phase Transitions = 399
      2 3 Evolution of Amphiphilic Patterns = 402
      2 4 Transition to Life and(Bio)mesogenic Reflections = 404
        2.4.1 Molecular developments = 406
        2.4.2 Molecular Matrices = 411
        2.4.3 (Bio)mesogenic Order-Disorder Patterns = 418
      2.5 The Developed Biomesogenic Systems = 429
      2.6 The Human Component = 435
    3 Outlook = 438
    4 References = 439
  Chapter Ⅸ : Cellulosic Liquid Crystals / Peter Zugenmaier = 453
    1 Introduction = 453
    2 The Structure of Cellulosics = 453
    3 The Chiral Nematic State = 455
      3.1 Methods for the Detection of Cellulosic Mesophases = 455
      3.2 Models of Chiral Nematic Cellulosics = 461
    4 Mesophase Formation of Cellulosics = 462
    5 Mesophases of Cellulose = 463
    6 Lyotropic Liquid-Crystalline Cellulose Derivatives = 464
      6.1 Supermolecular Structure and Optical Properties = 464
      6.2 Handedness = 465
      6.3 Temperature Dependence of the Pitch = 470
      6.4 Concentration Dependence of the Pitch = 472
      6.5 Molecular Mass Dependence of the Pitch = 473
      6.6 Solvent Effects = 474
      6.7 Order Parameter = 475
      6.8 Phase Behavior = 475
    7 Thermotropic Liquid Crystals of Cellulosics = 477
    8 Concluding Remarks = 480
    9 References = 481
Index Volumes 1-3 = 483


3

CONTENTS
Part Ⅰ : Calamitic Liquid Crystals = 1
  Chapter Ⅰ : Phase Structures of Calamitic Liquid Crystals / John W. Goodby = 3
    1 Introduction = 3
    2 Melting Processes of Calamitic Thermotropic Liquid Crystals = 4
    3 Structures of Calamitic Liquid Crystals = 6
      3.1 The Nematic Phase = 6
      3.2 Structures of Smectic Liquid Crystals = 7
      3.3 The Structures of the Orthogonal Smectic Phases = 7
        3.3.1 Structure of the Smectic A Phase = 7
        3.3.2 Structure in the Hexatic B Phase = 10
        3.3.3 Structure of the Crystal B Phase = 10
        3.3.4 Structure of Crystal E = 12
      3.4 Structures of the Tilted Smectic Phases = 13
        3.4.1 Structure of the Smectic C Phase = 13
        3.4.2 Structure of the Smectic I Phase = 16
        3.4.3 Structure of the Smectic F Phase = 16
        3.4.4 Structures of the Crystal J and G Phases = 17
        3.4.5 Structures of the Crystal H and K Phases = 18
    4 Long-and Short-Range Order = 18
    5 References = 20
  Chapter Ⅱ : Phase Transitions in Rod-Like Liquid Crystals / Daniel Guillon = 23
    1 Introduction = 23
    2 Isotropic-Nematic(Iso-N) Transition = 23
      2.1 Brief Summary of the Landau-de Gennes Model = 23
      2.2 Magnetic Birefringence = 24
      2.3 Light Scattering = 24
      2.4 Deviations from the Landau-de Gennes Model = 25
    3 Nematic-Smectic A(N-SmA) Transition = 26
      3.1 The McMillan-de Gennes Approach = 26
      3.2 Critical Phenomena : Experimental Situation = 26
    4 Smectic A-Smectic C(SmA-SmC) Transition = 29
      4.1 General Description = 29
      4.2 Critical Behavior = 30
      4.3 Experimental Situation = 30
      4.4 Smectic A-Smectic C(SmA-Sm) Transition = 32
      4.5 The Nematic-Smectic A-Smectic C(NAC) Multicritical Point = 33
      4.6 SmA-SmC Transition in Thin Films = 35
    5 Hexatic B to Smectic A(SmBhex-SmA) transition = 36
      5.1 General Presentation = 36
      5.2 SmBhex-SmA Transition in Thin Films = 37
    6 Induced Phase Transitions = 38
      6.1 Mechanically Induced SmA-SmC Transition = 38
      6.2 Electrically Induced Transitions = 39
      6.3 Photochemically Induced Transitions = 39
    7 Other Transitions = 41
      7.1 Smectic C to Smectic I(SmC-SmI) Transition = 41
      7.2 Smectic C to Smectic F(SmC-SmF) Transition = 41
      7.3 Smectic F to Smectic I(SmF-SmI) Transition = 42
      7.4 Smectic F to Smectic Crystalline G(SmF-SmG) Transition = 42
    8 References = 43
  Chapter Ⅲ : Nematic Liquid Crystals = 47
    1 Synthesis of Nematic Liquid Crystals / Kenneth J. Toyne = 47
      1.1 Introduction = 47
      1.2 Benzene, Biphenyl and Terphenyl Systems = 48
      1.3 Cyc1ohexane Systems = 49
      1.4 1,4-Disubstituted-bicyclo[2.2.2]octanes = 50
      1.5 2,5-Disubstituted-1,3-dioxanes = 51
      1.6 2,5-Disubstituted-pyridines = 51
      1.7 2,5-Disubstituted-pyrimidines = 52
      1.8 3,6-Disubstituted-pyridazines = 52
      1.9 Naphthalene systems = 52
      1.10 Unusual Core Systems = 53
      1.11 Ester Linkages = 53
      1.12 Lateral Substitution = 54
      1.13 4-c-(trans-4-Alkylcyclohexyl)-l-alkyl-r-l-cyanocyclohexanes = 55
      1.14 Terminal Groups = 56
      1.15 References = 56
    2 Physical Properties = 60
      2.1 Elastic Properties of Nematic Liquid Crystals / Ralf Stannarius = 60
        2.1.1 Introduction to Elastic Theory = 60
        2.1.2 Measurement of Elastic Constants = 63
          2.1.2.1 Fr \e' edericksz Transition = 64
          2.1.2.2 Light Scattering Measurements = 68
        2.1.2.3 Other Experimcnts = 68
        2.1.3 Experimental Elastic Data = 69
        2.1.4 MBBA and n-CB = 71
        2.1.5 'Surface-like' Elastic Constants = 73
        2.1.6 Theory of Elastic Constants = 79
        2.1.7 Biaxial Nematics = 83
        2.1.8 References = 84
      2.2 Dielectric Properties of Nematic Liquid Crystals / Horst Kresse = 91
        2.2.1 Rod-like Molecules in the Isotopic State = 91
        2.2.2 Static Dielectric Constants of Nematic Samples = 92
        2.2.3 The Nre Phenomenon and the Dipolar Correlation = 98
        2.2.4 Dielectric Relaxation in Nematic Phases = 99
        2.2.5 Dielectric Behavior of Nematic Mixtures = 102
        2.2.6 References = 109
      2.3 Diamagnetic Properties of Nematic Liquid Crystals / Ralf Stannarius = 113
        2.3.1 Magnetic Quantities = 113
        2.3.2 Measurement of Diamagnetic Properties = 116
          2.3.2.1 Faraday-Curie Balance Method = 116
          2.3.2.2 Supraconducting Quantum Interference Devices Measurements = 116
          2.3.2.3 NMR Measurements = 117
          2.3.2.4 Magneto-electric Method = 117
          2.3.2.5 Mechanical Torque Measurements = 118
        2.3.3 Experimental Data = 118
        2.3.4 Increment System for Diamagnetic Anisotropies = 124
        2.3.5 Application of Diamagnetic Properties = 125
        2.3.6 References = 126
      2.4 Optical Properties of Nematic Liquid Crystals / Gerhard Pelzl = 128
        2.4.1 Introduction = 128
        2.4.2 Experimental Methods = 128
        2.4.3 Temperature Dependence of Birefringence and Refractive Indices = 132
        2.4.4 Dispersion of ne, no and Δ n = 133
        2.4.5 Refractive Indices of Mixtures = 135
        2.4.6 Birefringence in Homologous Series = 136
        2.4.7 Determination of Molecular Polarizability Anisotropy and Orientational Order from Birefringence Data = 136
        2.4.8 Relationships between Birefringence and Molecular Structure = 137
        2.4.9 References = 140
      2.5 Viscosity／Herbert Kneppe ; Frank Schneider = 142
        2.5.1 Introduction = 142
        2.5.2 Determination of Shear Viscosity Coefficients = 142
          2.5.2.1 General Aspects = 142
          2.5.2.2 Mechanical methods = 143
          2.5.2.3 Light Scattering = 147
          2.5.2.4 Other Methods = 150
          2.5.2.5 Experimental Results = 150
        2.5.3 Determination of Rotational Viscosity = 155
          2.5.3.1 General Aspects = 155
          2.5.3.2 Experimental Methods with Permanent Director Rotation = 156
          2.5.3.3 Relaxation Methods = 157
          2.5.3.4 Experimental Results = 160
        2.5.4 Leslie Coefficients = 165
          2.5.4.1 Determination from Shear and Rotational Viscosity Coefficients = 165
          2.5.4.2 Determination by Means of Light Scattering = 166
          2.5.4.3 Other Methods = 167
        2.5.5 References = 167
      2.6 Dynamic Properties of Nematic Liquid Crystals / R Blinc ; I. Mu s ∨ evi c ∨ = 170
        2.6.1 Quasielastic Light Scattering in Nematics = 170
        2.6.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in Nematics = 173
        2.6.3 Quasielectric Light Scattering and Order Fluctuations in the Isotropic Phase = 174
        2.6.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Order Fluctuations in the Isotropic Phase = 175
        2.6.5 Quasielastic Light Scattering and Orientational Fluctuations below Tc = 177
        2.6.6 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Orientational Fluctuations below Tc = 177
        2.6.7 Optical Kerr Effect and Transient Laser-Induced Molecular Reorientation = 181
        2.6.8 Dielectric Relaxation in Nematics = 182
        2.6.9 Pretransitional Dynamics Near the Nematic-Smectic A Transition = 183
        2.6.10 Dynamics of Nematics in Micro-Droplets and Micro-cylinders = 184
        2.6.11 Pretransitional Effects in Confined Geometry = 188
        2.6.12 Dynamics of Randomly Constrained Nematics = 189
        2.6.13 Other Observations = 190
        2.6.14 References = 191
    3 Applications = 199
      3.1 TN, STN Displays / Harald Hirschmann ; Volker Reiffenrath = 199
        3.1.1 Introduction = 199
        3.1.2 Twisted Nematic Displays = 200
          3.1.2.1 Configuration and Operation Principles of Twisted Nematic Displays = 200
          3.1.2.2 Optical Properties of the Unactivated State = 200
          3.1.2.3 Optical Properties of the Activated State = 202
        3.1.3 Addressing of Liquid Crystal Displays = 204
          3.1.3.1 Direct Addressing = 205
          3.1.3.2 Passive Matrix Addressing = 205
          3.1.3.3 The Improved Alt-Pleshko Addressing Technique = 207
          3.1.3.4 Generation of Gray Levels = 207
        3.1.4 Supertwisted Nematic Displays = 208
          3.1.4.1 Influence of Device and Material Parameters = 208
          3.1.4.2 Configuration and Transmission of a Supertwisted Nematic Display = 211
          3.1.4.3 Electro-optical Performance of Supertwisted Nematic Displays = 213
          3.1.4.4 Dynamical Behavior of Twisted Nematic and Supertwisted Nematic Displays = 213
          3.1.4.5 Color Compensation of STN Displays = 215
          3.1.4.6 Viewing Angle and Brightness Enhancement = 218
          3.1.4.7 Color Supertwisted Nematic Displays = 218
          3.1.4.8 Fast Responding Supertwisted Nematic Liquid Crystal Displays = 219
        3.1.5 Liquid Crystal Materials for Twisted Nematic and Supertwisted Nematic Display Devices = 220
          3.1.5.1 Materials with High Optimal Anisotropy = 221
          3.1.5.2 Materials with Positive Dielectric Anisotropy = 221
          3.1.5.3 Materials for the Adjustment of the Elastic Constant Ratio K33／K11 = 225
          3.1.5.4 Dielectric Neutral Basic Materials = 226
        3.1.6 References = 227
      3.2 Active Matrix Addressed Displays / Eiji Kaneko = 230
        3.2.1 Thin Film Diode and Metal-Insulator-Metal Matrix Address = 230
          3.2.1.1 Diode Ring Matrix Address = 230
          3.2.1.2 Back-to-back Diode Matrix Address = 230
          3.2.1.3 Two Branch Diode Matrix Address = 231
          3.2.1.4 SiNx Thin Film Diode Matrix Address = 231
          3.2.1.5 Metal-Insulator-Metal Matrix Address = 232
        3.2.2 CdSe Thin Film Transistor Switch Matrix Address = 233
        3.2.3 α-Si Thin Film Transistor Switch Matrix Address = 234
        3.2.4 ρ-Si Thin Film Transistor Switch Matrix Address = 237
          3.2.4.1 Solid Phase Crystallization Method = 238
          3.2.4.2 Laser Recrystallization Method = 238
        3.2.5 Metal-oxide Semiconductor Transistor Switch Matrix Address = 239
        3.2.6 References = 240
      3.3 Dynamic Scattering／Birendra Bahadur = 243
        3.3.1 Introduction and Cell Designing = 243
        3.3.2 Experimental Observations at DC(Direct Current) and Low Frequency AC(Alternating Current) Fields = 244
          3.3.2.1 Homogeneously Aligned Nematic Regime = 244
          3.3.2.2 Williams Domains = 244
          3.3.2.3 Dynamic Scattering = 246
        3.3.3 Observations at High Frequency AC Field = 247
        3.3.4 Theoretical Explanations = 247
          3.3.4.1 Carr-Helfrich Model = 248
          3.3.4.2 Dubois-Violette, de Gennes, and Parodi Model = 249
        3.3.5 Dynamic Scattering in Smectic A and Cholesteric Phases = 250
        3.3.6 Electrooptical Characteristics and Limitations = 251
          3.3.6.1 Contrast Ratio Versus Voltage, Viewing Angle, Cell Gap, Wavelength and Temperature = 251
          3.3.6.2 Display Current Versus Voltage, Cell Gap, and Temperature = 252
          3.3.6.3 Switching Time = 253
          3.3.6.4 Effect of Conductivity, Temperature and Frequency = 253
          3.3.6.5 Addressing of DSM(Dynamic Scattering Mode) LCDs(Liquid Crystal Displays) = 254
          3.3.6.6 Limitations of DSM LCDs = 254
        3.3.7 References = 254
      3.4 Guest-Host Effect／Birendra Bahadur = 257
        3.4.1 Introduction = 257
        3.4.2 Dichroic Dyes = 259
          3.4.2.1 Chemical Structure, Photostability, and Molecular Engineering = 260
        3.4.3 Cell Preparation = 266
        3.4.4 Dichroic Parameters and Their Measurement = 268
          3.4.4.1 Order Parameter and Dichroic Ratio of Dyes = 268
          3.4.4.2 Absorbance, Order Parameter, and Dichroic Ratio Measurement = 269
        3.4.5 Impact of Dye Structure and Liquid Crystal Host on the Physical Properties of a Dichroic Mixture = 271
        3.4.6 Optical, Electro-Optical, and Life Parameters = 271
          3.4.6.1 Luminance = 272
          3.4.6.2 Contrast and Contrast Ratio = 272
          3.4.6.3 Switching Speed = 273
          3.4.6.4 Life Parameters and Failure Modes = 273
        3.4.7 Dichroic Mixture Formulation = 274
          3.4.7.1 Monochrome Mixture = 274
          3.4.7.2 Black Mixture = 274
        3.4.8 Heilmeier Displays = 275
          3.4.8.1 Threshold Characteristic = 276
          3.4.8.2 Effects of Dye Concentration on Electro-optical Parameters = 276
          3.4.8.3 Effect of Cholesteric Doping = 278
          3.4.8.4 Effect of Alignment = 278
          3.4.8.5 Effect of Thickness = 279
          3.4.8.6 Impact of the Order Parameter = 279
          3.4.8.7 Impact of the Host = 279
          3.4.8.8 Impact of the Polarizer = 281
          3.4.8.9 Color Applications = 281
          3.4.8.10 Multiplexing = 281
        3.4.9 Quarter Wave Plate Dichroic Displays = 282
        3.4.10 Dye-doped TN Displays = 283
        3.4.11 Phase Change Effect Dichroic LCDs = 284
          3.4.11.1 Threshold Characteristic and Operating Voltage = 286
          3.4.11.2 Contrast Ratio, Transmission Brightness, and Switching Speed = 287
          3.4.11.3 Memory or Reminiscent Contrast = 289
          3.4.11.4 Electro-optical Performance vs Temperature = 291
          3.4.11.5 Multiplexing Phase Change Dichroic LCDs = 291
        3.4.12 Double Cell Dichroic LCDs = 291
          3.4.12.1 Double Cell Nematic Dichroic LCD = 291
          3.4.12.2 Double Cell One Pitch Cholesteric LCD = 292
          3.4.12.3 Double Cell Phase Change Dichroic LCD = 292
        3.4.13 Positive Mode Dichroic LCDs = 292
          3.4.13.1 Positive Mode Heilmeier Cells = 292
          3.4.13.2 Positive Mode Dichroic LCDs Using a λ／4 Plate = 295
          3.4.13.3 Positive Mode Double Cell Dichroic LCD = 295
          3.4.13.4 Positive Mode Dichroic LCDs Using Special Electrode Patterns = 295
          3.4.13.5 Positive Mode Phase Change Dichroic LCDs = 295
          3.4.13.6 Dichroic LCDs Using an Admixture of Pleochroic and Negative Dichroic Dyes = 296
        3.4.14 Supertwist Dichroic Effect Displays = 296
        3.4.15 Ferroelectric Dichroic LCDs = 296
          3.4.15.1 Devices Using A Single Polarizer = 297
          3.4.15.2 Devices Using No Polarizers = 297
        3.4.16 Polymer Dispersed Dichroic LCDs = 297
        3.4.17 Dichroic Polymer LCDs = 298
        3.4.18 Smectic A Dichroic LCDs = 298
        3.4.19 Fluorescence Dichroic LCDs = 299
        3.4.20 References = 299
  Chapter Ⅳ : Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystals = 303
    1 The Synthesis of Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystals／Christopher J. Booth = 303
      1.1 Introduction to the Chiral Nematic Phase and its Properties = 303
      1.2 Formulation and AppIici1tions of Thermochromic Mixtures = 305
      1.3 Classification of Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystalline Compounds = 307
        1.3.1 Aspects of Molecular Symmetry for Chiral Nematic Phases = 308
      1.4 Cholesterol and Related Esters = 310
      1.5 Type Ⅰ Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystals = 311
        1.5.1 Azobenzenes and Related Mesogens = 312
        1.5.2 Azomethine(Schiff's Base) Mesogens = 313
        1.5.3 Stable Phenyl, Biphenyl, Terphenyl and Phenylethylbiphenyl Mesogens = 314
        1.5.4 (R)-2-(4-Hydroxyphenoxy)-propanoic Acid Derivatives = 319
        1.5.5 Miscellaneous Type I Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystals = 323
      1.6 Type Ⅱ Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystals = 325
        1.6.1 Azomethine Ester Derivatives of (R)-3-Methyladipic Acid = 325
        1.6.2 Novel Highly Twisting Phenyl and 2-Pyrimidinylphenyl Esters of (R)-3-Methyladipic Acid = 326
        1.6.3 Chiral Dimeric Mesogens Derived from Lactic Acid or l, 2-Diols = 327
      1.7 Type Ⅲ Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystals = 327
        1.7.1 Tricyclo[4.4.0.03,8]decane or Twistane Derived Mesogens = 328
        1.7.2 Axially Chiral Cyclohexylidene-ethanones = 328
        1.7.3 Chiral Heterocyclic Mesogens = 330
        1.7.4 Chiral Mesogens Derived from Cyclohexane = 331
      1.8 Concluding Remarks = 332
      1.9 References = 332
    2 Chiral Nematics : Physical Properties and Applications / Harry Coles = 335
      2.1 Introduction to Chiral Nematics : General Properties = 335
      2.2 Static Properties of Chiral Nematics = 342
        2.2.1 Optical Properties = 342
          2.2.1.1 Textures and Defects = 350
          2.2.1.2 Optical Propagation(Wave Equation Approach) = 356
          2.2.1.3 Optical Propagation('Bragg' Reflection Approach) = 362
          2.2.1.4 Pitch Behavior as a Function of Temperature, Pressure, and Composition = 365
        2.2.2 Elastic Properties = 368
          2.2.2.1 Continuum Theory and Free Energy = 369
      2.3 Dynamic Properties of Chiral Nematics = 374
        2.3.1 Viscosity Coefficients = 374
        2.3.2 Lehmann Rotation = 377
        2.3.3 Macroscopic Flow = 379
      2.4 Field-Induced Distortions in Chiral Nematics = 382
        2.4.1 Magnetic Fields Parallel to the Helix Axis = 382
        2.4.2 Magnetic Fields Normal to the Helix Axis = 386
        2.4.3 Electric Fields Parallel to the Helix Axis = 388
        2.4.4 Electric Fields Normal to the Helix Axis = 391
      2.5 Applications of Chiral Nematics = 394
        2.5.1 Optical : Linear and Nonlinear = 394
        2.5.2 Thermal Effects = 397
        2.5.3 External Electric Field Effec1s = 399
          2.5.3.1 Long Pitch Systems(p≫λ) = 400
          2.5.3.2 Intermediate Pitch Length Systems(p〓λ) = 401
          2.5.3.3 Short Pitch Systems(p≪λ) = 403
      2.6 Conclusions and the Future = 404
        2.7 References = 405
  Chapter Ⅴ : Non-Chiral Smectic Liquid Crystals = 411
    1 Synthesis of Non-Chiral Smectic Liquid Crystals / John W. Goodby = 411
      1.1 Introduction = 411
      1.2 Template Structures for the Synthesis of Smectogens = 411
        1.2.1 Terminal Aliphatic Chains = 414
        1.2.2 Polar Groups Situated at the End of the Core = 415
        1.2.3 Functional Groups that Terminate the Core Structure = 417
        1.2.4 Core Ring Structures = 418
        1.2.5 Liking Groups = 420
        1.2.6 Lateral Substitutions = 422
      1.3 Syntheses of Standard Smectic Liquid Crystals = 426
        1.3.1 Synthesis of 4-Alkyl-and 4-alkoxy-4'-cyanophenyls : Interdigitated Smectic A Materials(e.g., 8CB and(8OCB)) = 426
        1.3.2 Synthesis of 4-Alkyl-4-alkoxybiphenyrl-4'-carboxylates : Hexatic Smectic B Materials(e.g., 65OBC) = 427
        1.3.3 Synthesis of 4-Alkyloxy-benzylidene-4-alkylanilines : Crystal B and G Materials(e.g., nOms) = 428
        1.3.4 Synthesis of Terephthalylidene-bis-4-alkylanilines : Smectic I, Smectic F, Crystal G and Crystal H Materials(e.g., TBnAs) = 428
        1.3.5 Synthesis of 4-Alkoxy-phenyl-4-alkoxybenzoates : Smectic C Materials = 429
        1.3.6 Synthesis of 4-Alkylphenyl-4-alkylbipheny1-4'-carboxylates : Smectic C, Smectic I, Hexatic Smectic B Materials = 430
        1.3.7 Synthesis of 4-(2-Methylutyl)phenyl-4-alkoxybiphenyl-4'-carboxylates : Smectic C, Smectic I, Smectic F Crystal J. Crystal K and Crystal G Materials(nOmIs, e.g., 80SI) = 430
        1.3.8 Synthesis of 2-(4-n-Alkylphenyl)-5-(4-n-alkoxyoxyphenyl)pyrimidines : Smectic F and Crystal G Materials = 431
        1.3.9 Synthesis of 3-Nitro-and 3-Cyano-4-n-alkoxybiphenyl-4' carboxylic Acids : Cubic and Smectic C Materials = 433
        1.3.10 Synthesis of bis-[1-(4'-Alkylbiphenyl-4-y1)-3-(4-alkylphenyl)propane-1, 3-dionato] copper(Ⅱ) : Smectic Metallomesogens = 433
      1.4 Synthesis of Smectic Materials for Applications = 435
        1.4.1 Synthesis of Ferroelectric Host Materials = 435
        1.4.2 Synthesis of Antiferroelectric Host Materials = 437
      1.5 Summary = 438
      1.6 References = 439
    2 Physical Properties of Non-Chiral Smectic Liquid Crystals / C. C. Huang = 441
      2.1 Introduction = 441
      2.2 Smectic A Phase = 443
        2.2.1 Macroscopic Properties = 443
        2.2.2 X-ray Characterization of Free-Standing Smectic Films = 446
      2.3 Hexatic Smectic B Phase = 447
        2.3.1 Macroscopic Properties = 448
        2.3.2 Thin Hexatic B Films = 450
      2.4 Smectic C Phase = 452
        2.4.1 Physical Properties near the Smectic A-Smectic C Transition = 452
          2.4.1.1 Bulk Properties = 452
        2.4.2 Macroscopic Behavior of the Smectic C Phase = 457
          2.4.2.1 Bulk Properties = 457
      2.5 Tilted Hexatic Phases = 461
        2.5.1 Identification of Hexatic Order in Thin Films = 461
        2.5.2 Characterization of Hexatic Order in Thick Films = 462
        2.5.3 Elastic Constants = 464
      2.6 Surface Tension = 464
      2.7 References = 467
    3 Nonchiral Smectic Liquid Crystals - Applications / David Coates = 470
      3.1 .Introduction = 470
      3.2 Smectic Mesogens = 471
      3.3 Laser-Addressed Devices = 473
        3.3.1 Basic Effects = 473
          3.3.1.1 Normal Mode = 473
          3.3.1.2 Reverse Mode = 475
        3.3.2 Materials = 476
          3.3.2.1 Liquid Crystals = 476
          3.3.2.2 Lasers and Dyes = 476
          3.3.2.3 Additives = 477
        3.3.3 Physical Characteristics and Applications = 478
          3.3.3.1 Line Width and Write Speed = 478
          3.3.3.2 Contrast Ratios = 478
          3.3.3.3 Projection Systems = 478
          3.3.3.4 Color Devices = 478
          3.3.3.5 Commercial Devices = 478
      3.4 Thermally and Electrically, Addressed Displays = 481
      3.5 Dielectric Reorientation of SmA Phases = 482
        3.5.1 Materials of Negative Dielectric Anisotropy 482
        3.5.2 Materials of Positive Dielectric Anisotropy = 482
        3.5.3 A Variable Tilt SmA Device = 482
      3.6 Dynamic Scattering in SmA Liquid Crystal Phases = 483
        3.6.1 Theoretical Predictions = 485
        3.6.2 Response Times = 485
        3.6.3 Displays Based on Dynamic Scattering = 486
      3.7 Two Frequency Addressed SmA Devices = 486
      3.8 Polymer-Dispersed Smectic Devices = 487
      3.9 Conclusions = 489
      3.10 References = 489
Part Ⅱ : Discotic Liquid Crystals = 491
  Chapter Ⅵ : Chiral Smectic Liquid Crystals = 493
    1 Synthesis of Chiral Smectic Liquid Crystals / Stephen M. Kelly = 493
      1.1 Introduction = 493
      1.2 Long Pitch Chiral Smectic Liquid Crystals or Dopants = 495
        1.2.1 Schiff's bases = 496
        1.2.2 Aromatic Esters with Alkyl Branched Alkyl Chains = 497
        1.2.3 Aromatic Heterocycles with Alkyl-Branched Alkyl Chains = 500
        1.2.4 Esters and Ethers in the Terminal Chain = 501
        1.2.5 Halogens at the Chiral Center = 503
        1.2.6 Cyclohexyl α-Fluorohexanoates = 503
        1.2.7 Gyano Groups at the Chiral Center = 506
        1.2.8 Optically Active Oxiranes and Thiiranes = 506
        1.2.9 Optically Active γ-Lactones = 508
        1.2.10 Optically Active δ-Lactones = 508
        1.2.11 Miscellaneous Optically Active Heterocycles = 508
      1.3 Short Pitch Chiral Smectic Liquid Crystals or Dopants = 509
        1.3.1 Optically Active Terphenyl Diesters = 509
        1.3.2 Optically Active Methyl-Substituted Dioxanes = 510
      1.4 Antiferroelectric Liquid Crystals = 510
      1.5 References = 512
    2 Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals / Sven T. Lagerwall = 515
      2.1 Introduction = 515
      2.2 Polar Materials and Effects = 520
        2.2.1 Polar and Nonpolar Dielectrics = 520
        2.2.2 The Nonpolarity of Liquid Crystals in General = 522
        2.2.3 Behavior of Dielectrics in Electric Fields : Classification of Polar Materials = 523
        2.2.4 Developments in the Understanding of Polar Effects = 527
        2.2.5 The Simplest Description of a Ferroelectric = 531
        2.2.6 Improper Ferroelectrics = 536
        2.2.7 The Piezoelectric Phase = 539
      2.3 The Necessary Conditions for Macroscopic Polarization in a Material = 541
        2.3.1 The Neumann and Curie Principles = 541
        2.3.2 Neumann's Principle Applied to Liquid Crystals = 542
        2.3.3. The surface-Stabilized State = 544
        2.3.4 Chirality and its Consequences = 548
        2.3.5 The Curie Principle and Piezoelectricity = 550
        2.3.6 Hermann's Theorem = 552
        2.3.7 The Importance of Additional Symmetries = 553
      2.4 The Flexoelectric Polarization = 555
        2.4.1 Deformations from the Ground State of a Nematic = 555
        2.4.2 The Flexoelectric Coefficients = 556
        2.4.3 The Molecular Picture = 557
        2.4.4 Analogies and Contrasts to the Piezoelectric Effect = 558
        2.4.5 The Importance of Rational Sign Conventions = 559
        2.4.6 The Flexoelectrooptic Effect = 560
        2.4.7 Why Can a Cholesteric Phase not be Biaxial? = 563
        2.4.8 Flexoelectric Effects in Smectic A Phases = 564
        2.4.9 Flexoelectric Effects in Smectic C Phases = 564
      2.5 The Sm-Sm Transition and the Helical State = 568
        2.5.1 The Smectic C Order Parameter = 568
        2.5.2 The Sm-Sm Transition = 571
        2.5.3 The Smectic Order Parameters = 573
        2.5.4 The Helical Smectic State = 574
        2.5.5 The Flexoelectric Contribution in the Helical State = 576
        2.5.6 Nonchiral Helielectrics and Antiferroelectrics = 577
        2.5.7 Simple Landau Expansions = 578
        2.5.8 The Electroclinic Effect = 583
        2.5.9 The Deformed Helix Mode in Short Pitch Materials = 587
        2.5.10 The Landau Expansion for the Helical State = 588
        2.5.11 The Pikin-Indenbom Order Parameter = 592
      2.6 Electrooptics in the Surface-Stabilized State = 596
        2.6.1 The Linear Electrooptic Effect = 596
        2.6.2 The Quadratic Torque = 599
        2.6.3 Switching Dynamics = 600
        2.6.4 The Scaling Law for the Cone Mode Viscosity = 602
        2.6.5 Simple Solutions of the Director Equation of Motion = 603
        2.6.6 Electrooptic Measurements = 604
        2.6.7 Optical Anisotropy and Biaxiality = 608
        2.6.8 The Effects of Dielectric Biaxiality = 610
        2.6.9 The Viscosity of the Rotational Modes in the Smectic C Phase = 613
      2.7 Dielectric Spectroscopy : To Find the γ and ε Tensor Components = 617
        2.7.1 Viscosities of Rotational Modes = 617
        2.7.2 The Viscosity of the Collective Modes = 618
        2.7.3 The Viscosity of the Noncollective Modes = 620
        2.7.4 The Viscosity γψ from Electrooptic Measurements = 622
        2.7.5 The Dielectric Permittivity Tensor = 622
        2.7.6 The Case of Chiral Smectic Compounds = 623
        2.7.7 Three Sample Geometries = 625
        2.7.8 Tilted Smectic Layers = 626
        2.7.9 Nonchiral Smectics C = 627
        2.7.10 Limitations in the Measurement Methods = 628
      2.8 FLC Device Structures and Local-Layer Geometry = 629
        2.8.1 The Application Potential of FLC = 629
        2.8.2 Surface-Stabilized States = 630
        2.8.3 FLC with Chevron Structures = 634
        2.8.4 Analog Gray Levels = 637
        2.8.5 Thin Walls and Thick Walls = 639
        2.8.6 C1 and C2 Chevrons = 644
        2.8.7 The FLC Technology Developed by Canon = 648
        2.8.8 The Microdisplays of Displaytech = 650
        2.8.9 Idemitsu's Polymer FLC = 651
        2.8.10 Material Problems in FLC Technology = 653
        2.8.11 Nonchevron Structures = 655
      2.9. Is There a Future for Smectic Materials? = 658
      2.10 References = 660
    3 Antiferroelectric Liquid Crystals / Kouichi Miyachi ; Atsuo Fukuda = 665
      3.1 Introduction = 665
      3.2 Origin of Antiferroelectricity in Liquid Crystals = 665
        3.2.1 Biased or Hindered Rotational Motion in Sm Phases = 665
        3.2.2 Biased or Hindered Rotational Motion in SmC Phases = 669
        3.2.3 Spontaneous Polarization Parallel to the Tilt Plane = 671
        3.2.4 Obliquely Projecting Chiral Alkyl Chains in SmA Phases = 673
      3.3 Thresholdless Antiferroelectricity and V-Shaped Switching = 675
        3.3.1 Tristable Switching and the Pretransitional Effect = 675
        3.3.2 Pretransitional Effect in Antiferroelectric Liquid Crystal Displays = 679
        3.3.3 Langevin-type Alignment in SmC Phases = 682
      3.4 Antiferroelectric Liquid Crystal Materials = 684
        3.4.1 Ordinary Antiferroelectric Liquid Crystal Compounds = 684
        3.4.2 Antiferroelectric Liquid Crystal Compounds with Unusual Chemical Structures = 688
      3.5 References = 689
  Chapter Ⅶ : Synthesis and Structural Features / Andrew N. Cammidge ; Richard J. Bushby = 693
    1 General Structural Features = 693
    2 Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cores = 694
      2.1 Benzene = 694
        2.1.1 Esters and Amides = 694
        2.1.2 Multiynes = 697
        2.1.3 Hexakis(alkoxyphenoxymethyl) Derivatives = 698
        2.1.4 Hexakis(alkylsulfone) Derivatives = 698
      2.2 Naphthalene = 699
      2.3 Anthracene(Rufigallol) = 700
      2.4 Phenanthrene = 701
      2.5 Triphenylene = 702
        2.5.1 Ethers, Thioethers and Selenoethers = 702
        2.5.2 Esters = 703
        2.5.3 Multiynes = 704
        2.5.4 Unsymmetrically Substituted Derivatives = 705
        2.5.5 Modifications of the Number and Nature of Ring Substituents = 708
      2.6 Dibenzopyrene = 712
      2.7 Perylene = 712
      2.8 Truxene = 713
      2.9 Decacyclene = 714
      2.10 Tribenzocyclononatriene = 715
      2.11 Tetrabenzocyclododecatetraene = 717
      2.12 Metacyclophane = 719
      2.13 Phenylacetylene Macrocycles = 719
    3 Heterocyclic Cores = 720
      3.1 Pyrillium = 720
      3.2 Bispyran = 722
      3.3 Condensed Benzpyrones(Flavellagic and Coruleoellagic Acid) = 723
      3.4 Benzotrisfuran = 723
      3.5 Oxatruxene and Thiatruxene = 724
      3.6 Dithiolium = 725
      3.7 Tricycloquinazoline = 726
      3.8 Porphyrin = 727
        3.8.1 Octa-Substituted Porphyrin = 727
        3.8.2 meso-Tetra(p-alkyl-phenyl)-porphyrin = 729
        3.8.3 Tetraazaporphyrin = 729
      3.9 Phthalocyanine = 730
        3.9.1 Peripherally Substituted Octa(alkoxymethyl)phthalocyanine = 730
        3.9.2 Peripherally Substituted Octa-alkoxyphthalocyanines = 731
        3.9.3 Peripherally Substituted Octa-alkylphthalocyanine = 733
        3.9.4 Tetrapyrazinoporphyrazine = 734
        3.9.5 Peripherally Substituted Octa(alkoxycarbonyl)phthalocyanines = 734
        3.9.6 Peripherally Substituted Octa-(p-alkoxylphenyl)phthalocyanine = 735
        3.9.7 Peripherally Substituted Tetrabenzotriazaporphyrin = 735
        3.9.8 Tetrakis[oligo(ethyleneoxy)]phthalocyanine = 736
        3.9.9 Non-Peripherally Substituted Octa(alkoxymethyl)-phthalocyanines = 736
        3.9.10 Non-Peripherally Substituted Octa-alkylphthalocyanine = 737
        3.9.11 Unsymmetrically Substituted Phthalocyanines = 739
    4 Saturated Cores = 739
      4.1 Cyclohexane = 739
      4.2 Tetrahydropyran(Pyranose Sugars) = 741
      4.3 Hexacyclens and Azamacrocyles = 742
    5 References = 743
  Chapter Ⅷ : Discotic Liquid Crystals : Their Structures and Physical Properties / S. Chandrasekhar = 749
    1 Introduction = 749
    2 Description of the Liquid-Crystalline Structures = 750
      2.1 The Columnar Liquid Crystal = 750
        2.1.1 NMR Studies = 752
        2.1.2 High Resolution X-Ray Studies = 753
      2.2 Columnar Phases of 'Non-discotic' Molecules = 755
      2.3 The Nematic Phase = 757
      2.4 The Columnar Nematic Phase = 757
      2.5 The Chiral Nematic Phase = 758
      2.6 The Lamellar Phase = 759
    3 Extension of McMillan's Model of Smectic A Phases to Discotic Liquid Crystals = 760
    4 Pressure-Temperature Phase Diagrams = 762
    5 Techniques of Preparing Aligned Samples = 764
    6 Ferroelectricity in the Columnar Phase = 765
    7 The Columnar Structure as a One-Dimensional Antiferromagnet = 766
    8 Electrical Conductivity in Columnar Phases = 766
    9 Photoconduction in Columnar Phases = 768
    10 Continuum Theory of Columnar Liquid Crystals = 769
      10.1 The Basic Equations = 769
      10.2 Acoustic Wave Propagation = 770
      10.3 Fluctuations = 771
      10.4 Mechanical Instabilities = 772
    11 Defects in the Columnar Phase = 773
      11.1 Dislocations = 774
      11.2 Disclinations = 774
    12 The Properties of Discotic Nematic Phases = 775
    13 Discotic Polymer Liquid Crystals = 776
    14 References = 777
  Chapter Ⅸ : Applicable Properties of Columnar Discotic Liquid Crystals / Neville Boden ; Bijou Movaghar = 781
    1 Introduction = 781
    2 Molecular Structure-Property Relationships = 782
      2.1 HATn Materials = 782
      2.2 The Phthalocyanines = 783
    3 Electrical Properties = 784
      3.1 HATn Materials = 784
      3.2 Chemically Doped Materials = 787
    4 Dielectric Properties = 788
    5 Fluorescence Properties = 790
    6 Gaussian Transit Characteristics = 791
    7 Anisotropy of Charge Mobility and Inertness to Oxygen = 792
      7.1 Xerography = 792
      7.2 Phthalocyanine Based Gas Sensors = 792
    8 Selforganizing Periodicity, High Resistivity, and Dielectric Tunability = 792
    9 Ferroelectrics and Dielectric Switches = 794
      9.1 Nematic Phases = 794
      9.2 Ferro- and Antiferroelectric Phases = 794
    10 Novel Absorption Properties, Fluorescence, and Fast Exciton Migration = 795
    11 Applications of Doped Columnar Conductors = 795
    12 Conclusions = 795
    13 References = 796
Part 3 : Non-Conventional Liquid-Crystalline Materials = 799
  Chapter Ⅹ : Liquid Crystal Dimers and Oligomers / Corrie T. Imrie ; Geoffrey R. Luckhurst = 801
    1 Introduction = 801
    2 Structure-Property Relationships in Liquid Crystal Dimers = 801
    3 Smectic Polymorphism = 804
      3.1 Conventional Smectics = 804
      3.2 Intercalated Smectics = 807
      3.3 Modulated Smectics = 812
    4 Chiral Dimers = 813
    5 Oligomeric Systems and Relation to Dimers = 813
    6 Molecular Theories for Liquid Crystal Dimers = 814
      6.1 The Generic Model = 815
      6.2 A More Complete Model = 822
    7 Molecular Shapes of Liquid Crystal Dimers = 829
    8 References = 832
  Chapter XI : Laterally Substituted and Swallow-Tailed Liquid Crystals / Wolfgang Weissflog = 835
    1 Introduction = 835
    2 Laterally Alkyl Substituted Rod-Like Mesogens = 835
      2.1 Long-Chain 2-Substituted 1,4-Phenylene bis(Benzoates) = 835
      2.2 Further mesogens bearing one Long-Chain Group in the Lateral Position = 837
      2.3 Two Long-Chain Substituents in Lateral Positions = 841
    3 Mesogens incorporating Phenyl Rings within the Lateral Segments = 843
      3.1 Mesogens with One Lateral Segment containing a Phenyl Group = 843
      3.2 Mesogens with Two Lateral Segments each containing a Phenyl Ring = 850
    4 Swallow-Tailed Mesogens = 850
    5 Double-Swallow-Tailed Mesogens = 855
    6 Further Aspects and Concluding Remarks = 857
    7 References = 860
  Chapter XII : Plasmids and Polycatenar Mesogens / Huu-Tinh Nguyen ; Christian Destrade ; Jacques Malth e ^ te = 865
    1 Introduction = 865
    2 Nomenclature = 865
    3 Syntheses principles = 866
    4 Mesomorphic properties = 866
      4.1 Polycatenars With Only Aliphatic Chains = 867
        4.1.1 Phasmids or Hexacatenar Mesogens 3mpm-3mpm = 867
        4.1.2 Pentacatenars = 869
        4.1.3 Tetracatenars = 869
      4.2 Polycatenars with Polar Substituents = 875
        4.2.1 Polycatenars with Hydrogenated and Fluorinated Chains = 875
        4.2.2 Polycatenars with Other Polar Substituents = 877
    5 The Core, Paraffinic Chains, and Mesomorphic Properties = 879
      5.1 Core Length = 879
      5.2 Number and Position of Chains = 880
    6 Structures = 882
      6.1 Structures of Mesophases = 882
        6.1.1 Nematic = 882
        6.1.2 Lamellar Mesophases = 882
        6.1.3 Columnar Phases = 882
        6.1.4 Cubic Mesophases = 883
      6.2 Crystalline Structures = 883
    7 Conclusion = 884
    8 References = 884
  Chapter XIII : Thermotropic Cubic Phases / Siegmar Diele ; Petra G o ·· ring = 887
    1 Historical Remarks = 887
    2 Chemical Structures and Phase Sequences = 888
    3 On the Structure of the Cubic Phases = 895
    4 Summary = 899
    5 References = 899
  Chapter XI : Metal-containing Liquid Crystals / Anne Marie Giroud-Godquin = 901
    1 Introduction = 901
    2 Early Work = 901
    3 Metallomesogens with Monodentate Ligands = 902
      3.1 Organonitrile Ligands = 902
      3.2 n-Alkoxystilbazole Ligands = 902
        3.2.1 Distilbazole Ligands = 903
          3.2.1.1 Palladium and Platinum = 903
          3.2.1.2 Silver = 903
          3.2.1.3 Iridium = 903
        3.2.2 Monostilbazole Ligands = 903
          3.2.2.1 Platinum = 904
          3.2.2.2 Rhodium and Iridium = 904
          3.2.2.3 Tungsten = 904
      3.3 Other Pyridine Ligands = 904
        3.3.1 Rhodium and Iridium = 904
        3.3.2 Silver = 904
      3.4 Acetylide Ligands = 905
      3.5 Isonitrile Ligands = 906
    4 Metallomesogens with Bidentate Ligands = 906
      4.1 Carboxylate Ligands = 906
        4.1.1 Alkali and Alkaline Earth Carboxylates = 906
        4.1.2 Lead, Thallium, and Mercury Carboxylates = 906
        4.1.3 Dinuclear Copper Carboxylates = 907
        4.1.4 Dinuclear Rhodium, Ruthenium, and Molybdenum Carboxylates = 908
      4.2 β-Diketonate Ligands = 909
        4.2.1 Copper Complexes with Two or Four Peripheral Chains = 909
        4.2.2 Copper Complexes with Eight Peripheral Chains = 910
        4.2.3 Malondialdehyde Complexes = 911
        4.2.4 Dicopper Complexes = 911
        4.2.5 Polymers = 911
        4.2.6 Other Metal Complexes = 911
      4.3 Glycoximate Ligands = 913
      4.4 Sulfur Containing Ligands = 913
        4.4.1 Dithiolene = 913
        4.4.2 Dithiobenzoate = 913
          4.4.2.1 Nickel and Palladium = 914
          4.4.2.2 Zinc = 914
          4.4.2.3 Silver = 914
        4.4.3 Other Dithio Ligands = 914
      4.5 N-O Donor Sets : Salicylaldimine Ligands = 915
        4.5.1 Copper, Nickel, and palladium = 915
        4.5.2 Platinum,Vanadyl and Iron = 917
        4.5.3 Rhodium and Iridium = 917
        4.5.4 Polymeric Liquid Crystals Based on Salcylaldimine Ligands = 917
      4.6 Cyclometalated Complexes = 918
        4.6.1 Azobenzene = 918
        4.6.2 Arylimines = 919
        4.6.3 Orthopalladated Diarylazines = 920
        4.6.4 Aroylhydrazine = 921
        4.6.5 Orthopalladated Pyrimidine Complexes = 921
      4.7 Metallocen Ligands = 921
        4.7.1 Ferrocene = 921
          4.7.1.1 Monosubstituted Ferrocene = 921
          4.7.1.2 1,1' Disubstituted Ferrocene = 922
          4.7.1.3 1,3 Disubstituted Ferrocene = 922
        4.7.2 Ruthenocene = 923
        4.7.3 Iron Tricarbonyl Derivatives = 923
    5 Metallomesogens with Polydentate Ligands = 923
      5.1 Phthalocyanine Ligands = 923
        5.1.1 Copper Complexes = 923
        5.1.2 Manganese, Copper, Nickel, and Zinc Complexes = 924
        5.1.3 Lutetium Complexes = 924
        5.1.4 Silicon, Tin, and Lead Complexes = 924
      5.2 Porphyrin Ligands = 925
      5.3 Other Amine Ligands = 926
    6 Lyotropic Metal-Containing Liquid Crystals = 926
    7 Conclusions = 927
    8 References = 928
  Chapter XV : Biaxial Nematic Liquid Crystals / B. K. Sadashiva = 933
    1 Introduction = 933
    2 Theoretical Prediction of the Biaxial Nematic Phase = 933
    3 Structural Features = 934
    4 Synthesis = 935
    5 Characterization Methods = 937
      5.1 Optical Studies = 937
      5.2 X-Ray Diffraction Studies = 938
    6 Concluding Remarks = 941
    7 References = 942
  Chapter XVI : Charge-Transfer Systems / K. Praefcke ; D. Singer = 945
    1 Introduction = 945
    2 Calamitic Systems = 946
    3 Noncalamitic Systems = 952
    4 References = 964
  Chapter XVII : Hydrogen-Bonded Systems / Takashi Kato = 969
    1 Introduction = 969
    2 Pyridine／Carboxylic Acid System = 969
      2.1 Self-Assembly of Low Molecular Weight Complexes = 969
        2.1.1 Structures and Thermal Properties = 969
        2.1.2 Phase Diagrams = 972
        2.1.3 Stability of Hydrogen Bonds = 973
        2.1.4 Electrooptic Effects = 973
      2.2 Self-Assembly of Polymeric Complexes = 973
        2.2.1 Side-Chain Polymers = 973
        2.2.2 Main-Chain Polymers = 974
        2.2.3 Networks = 974
    3 Uracil／Diamino-pyridine System = 975
      3.1 Low Molecular Weight Complexes = 975
      3.2 Polymeric Complexes = 975
    4 Miscellaneous Thermotropic H-Bonded Compounds by Intermolecular Interaction = 976
    5 Lyotropic Hydrogen-Bonded Complexes = 977
    6 References = 978
  Chapter XVIII : Chromonics / John Lydon = 981
    1 Introduction = 981
      1.1 A Well-Defined Family Distinct from Conventional Amphiphiles = 981
      1.2 The Chromonic N and M Phases = 982
      1.3 Drug and Dye Systems = 982
      1.4 Molecular Structure of Chromonic Species = 983
    2 The History of Chromonic Systems = 983
      2.1 The Early History = 983
      2.2 Disodium Cromoglycate and Later Studies = 984
      2.3 The 3-Way Link Between Drugs, Dyes, and Nucleic Acids = 985
    3 The Forces that Stabilize Chromonic Systems = 986
      3.1 Hydrophobic Interactions or Specific Stacking Forces? = 986
      3.2 The Aggregation of Chromonic Molecules in Dilute Solution and on Substrat Surfaces = 987
    4 Phase Diagrams = 988
    5 Optical Textures = 989
    6 X-Ray Diffraction Studies = 991
    7 The Extended Range of Chromonic Phase Structures = 993
      7.1 The P Phase = 993
      7.2 Chromonic M Gels = 998
      7.3 Chiral Chromonic Phases = 998
      7.4 More Ordered Chromonic Phases = 998
      7.5 Chromonic Layered Structures = 999
      7.6 Corkscrew and Hollow Column Structures = 999
    8 The Effect of Additives on Chromonic Systems : Miscibility and Intercalation = 1000
    9 The Biological Roles of Chromonic Phases = 1001
    10 Technological and Commercial Potential of Chromonic Systems = 1005
    11 Conclusions = 1005
    12 References = 1006
Index Volumes 2A and 2B = 1009