상세정보

A concise assessment of the risks to human health and the environment posed by exposure to N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine, a lipophilic crystalline solid that is used as an antioxidant in various lubrication oils and as a protective agent and antioxidant in rubber and rubber mixtures for various products, including tyres. Concerning sources of human and environmental exposure, the report cites evidence that the chemical may be released to soil and surface waters from the leakage of lubrication oils or leaching from decaying tyres and rubber products. Emission to the atmosphere may arise from exhaust gases during production and processing, and during the vulcanization of rubber mixtures. Presence in the environment is expected to be low. Limited studies indicate that the chemical is distributed to soil, sediment, and water, and to a much smaller degree, to air, suspended sediment, and biota. In view of its moderate to high potential for sorption to organic soil constituents and its limited mineralization in soil, the chemical is likely to have geoaccumulation potential. Studies demonstrate high acute toxicity in fish and Daphnia.

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CONTENTS
FOREWORD = 1
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY = 4
2. IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL／CHEMICAL PROPERTIES = 5
3. ANALYTICAL METHODS = 5
4. SOURCES OF HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE = 6
5. ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSPORT, DISTRIBUTION, AND TRANSFORMATION = 6
6. ENVIRONMENTAL LEVELS AND HUMAN EXPOSURE = 7
  6.1 Environmental levels = 7
  6.2 Human exposure = 8
7. COMPARATIVE KINETICS AND METABOLISM IN LABORATORY ANIMALS AND HUMANS = 8
8. EFFECTS ON LABORATORY MAMMALS AND IN VITRO TEST SYSTEMS = 8
  8.1 Single exposure = 9
  8.2 Irritation and sensitization = 9
  8.3 Short-term exposure = 9
  8.4 Long-term exposure = 10
    8.4.1 Subchronic exposure = 10
    8.4.2 Chronic exposure and carcinogenicity = 10
  8.5 Genotoxicity and related end-points = 11
  8.6 Reproductive and developmental toxicity = 11
  8.7 Immunological and neurological effects = 11
9. EFFECTS ON HUMANS = 11
  9.1 Case reports = 11
  9.2 Epidemiological studies = 12
10. EFFECTS ON OTHER ORGANISMS IN THE LABORATORY AND FIELD = 13
  10.1 Aquatic environment = 13
  10.2 Terrestrial environment = 13
11. EFFECTS EVALUATION = 13
  11.1 Evaluation of health effects = 13
    11.1.1 Hazard identification and dose-response assessment = 13
    11.1.2 Criteria for setting guidance values for N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine = 14
    11.1.3 Sample risk characterization = 14
  11.2 Evaluation of environmental effects = 14
12. PREVIOUS EVALUATIONS BY INTERNATIONAL BODIES = 15
13. HUMAN HEALTH PROTECTION AND EMERGENCY ACTION = 15
  13.1 Human health hazards = 15
  13.2 Advice to physicians = 15
  13.3 Spillage = 15
14. CURRENT REGULATIONS, GUIDELINES, AND STANDARDS = 15
INTERNATIONAL CHEMICAL SAFETY CARD = 16
REFERENCES = 18
APPENDIX 1 - SOURCE DOCUMENT = 20
APPENDIX 2 - CICAD PEER REVIEW = 20
APPENDIX 3 - CICAD FINAL REVIEW BOARD = 21
R E ´ SUM E ´ D'ORIENTATION = 22
RESUMEN DE ORIENTACI O ´ N = 24