상세정보

This book provides a practical guide to the design and implementation of health information systems in developing countries. Noting that most existing systems fail to deliver timely reliable and relevant information the book responds to the urgent need to restructure systems and make them work as both a resource for routine decisions and a powerful tool for improving health services. With this need in mind the authors draw on their extensive personal experiences to map out strategies pinpoint common pitfalls and guide readers through a host of conceptual and technical options. Information needs at all levels - from patient care to management of the national health system - are considered in this comprehensive guide. Recommended lines of action are specific to conditions seen in government-managed health systems in the developing world. In view of common constraints on time and resources the book concentrates on strategies that do not require large resources highly trained staff or complex equipment. Throughout the book case studies and numerous practical examples are used to explore problems and illustrate solutions. Details range from a list of weaknesses that plague most existing systems through advice on when to introduce computers and how to choose appropriate software and hardware to the hotly debated question of whether patient records should be kept by the patient or filed at the health unit. The book has fourteen chapters presented in four parts. Chapters in the first part on information for decision-making explain the potential role of health information as a managerial tool consider the reasons why this potential is rarely realized and propose general approaches for reform which have proved successful in several developing countries. Presentation of a six-step procedure for restructuring information systems closely linked to an organizational model of health services is followed by a practical discussion of the decision-making process. Reasons for the failure of most health information to influence decisions are also critically assessed. Against this background the second and most extensive part provides a step-by-step guide to the restructuring of information systems aimed at improving the quality and relevance of data and ensuring their better use in planning and management. Steps covered include the identification of information needs and indicators assessment of the existing system and the collection of both routine and non-routine data using recommended procedures and instruments. Chapters also offer advice on procedures for data transmission and processing and discuss the requirements of systems designed to collect population-based community information. Resource needs and technical tools are addressed in part three. A comprehensive overview of the resource base - from staff and training to the purchase and maintenance of equipment - is followed by chapters offering advice on the introduction of computerized systems in developing countries and explaining the many applications of geographic information systems. Practical advice on how to restructure a health information system is provided in the final part, which considers how different interest groups can influence the design and implementation of a new system and proposes various design options for overcoming specific problems. Experiences from several developing countries are used to illustrate strategies and designs in terms of those almost certain to fail and those that have the greatest chances of success.

정보제공 :

CONTENTS
Foreword = ⅸ
Acknowledgements = ⅹ
Chapter 1 Introduction / by Rainer Sauerborn ; Theo Lippeveld = 1
 Why health information systems? = 1
 Definitions = 2
 What is wrong with current health information systems? = 3
 Efforts to reform health information systems = 5
 Review of the literature on health information systems reform = 7
 Scope of the book = 8
 Organization of the book = 10
 References = 10
Chapter 2 A framework for designing health information systems / by Theo Lippeveld ; Rainer Sauerborn = 15
 Developing a "systems approach" for health information systems = 15
 The health information system structure = 16
 The relationship between the health information system and the health system at large = 17
 Matching the health information system restructuring process with the health services system = 24
 Conclusion = 30
 References = 31
Chapter 3 Using information to make decisions / by Rainer Sauerborn = 33
 The problem = 33
 Defining information use = 33
 How are decisions made? = 34
 Ways to enhance the use of information in decision-making = 38
 Outlook and sketch of a research agenda = 46
 Conclusion = 47
 References = 47
Chapter 4 Identifying information needs and indicators / by Claude Bodart ; Laura B. Shrestha = 49
 Introduction = 49
 A general framework for defining information needs and indicators = 50
 Performing a functional analysis at each management level of the health services system = 51
 Identifying information needs = 51
 Defining and classifying essential indicators = 56
 Selecting essential indicators = 60
 Summary = 70
 References = 71
Chapter 5 Assessing health information systems / by Steve Sapirie = 73
 Introduction = 73
 Assessment as a step in the development and implementation of the health information system = 73
 A framework for assessing the health information system = 74
 Reasons for health information system assessment = 76
 Basic steps of health information system assessment = 77
 Conclusion = 85
 References = 87
Chapter 6 Routine data collection methods / by Theo Lippeveld = 88
 Use of routine versus nonroutine data collection methods = 88
 Types of routine data collection methods = 90
 Data collection instruments = 95
 Data collection instruments for system management = 103
 Design and implementation of routine data collection systems = 105
 Conclusion = 110
 References = 111
Chapter 7 Nonroutine data collection methods : an overview / by Rainer Sauerborn = 114
 Definition and classification = 114
 Rapid assessment procedures = 115
 Participant observation = 117
 Individual interviews = 117
 Focus groups = 118
 WHO's rapid evaluation method = 119
 Surveys = 119
 Demographic surveillance systems = 121
 Link between nonroutine and routine methods : triangulation = 126
 References = 127
Chapter 8 Data transmission, data processing, and data quality / by Laura B. Shrestha ; Claude Bodart = 128
 Introduction = 128
 Data transmission = 128
 Data processing = 133
 Data quality = 137
 Threats to data quality from poor recording and reporting = 138
 Conclusion = 144
 References = 145
Chapter 9 Population-based community health information systems / by David Marsh = 146
 Introduction = 146
 History : population-based community approaches = 150
 Rationale = 154
 Development of population-based community health information systems = 159
 Conclusion = 170
 References = 173
Chapter 10 Management of health information systems / by Eckhard Kleinau = 176
 Introduction = 176
 Resource requirements = 176
 Resource requirements for a hospital health information system = 187
 Organizational rules = 190
 Conclusion = 197
 References = 197
Chapter 11 Using computers in health information systems / by Randy Wilson = 198
 Historical overview = 198
 Rationale for using computers in health information systems = 199
 Key issues to resolve with respect to computerization = 200
 Software and hardware options = 205
 References = 211
Chapter 12 Geographic information systems / by Rainer Sauerborn ; Marc Karam = 213
 Why are geographic information systems a useful supplement to health information systems? = 213
 What are geographic information systems and how can we use them in the context of health information systems? = 214
 How much do geographic information systems cost? = 218
 Applications of geographic information systems within health information systems = 219
 Who uses maps? = 221
 Research agenda = 222
 Summary = 223
 References = 223
Chapter 13 The context of health information system reform / by Theo Lippeveld = 225
 Introduction = 225
 Health information system reform : a policy analysis = 226
 Strategies for health information system reform = 236
 References = 241
Chapter 14 Approaches to strengthening health information systems / by Theo Lippeveld ; Steve Sapirie = 243
 Introduction = 243
 Restructuring routine health information systems : what works and what does not work? = 244
 An agenda for further health information system development experiences and research = 250
 References = 252
Annexes
 Annex 1 Classes of indicators and their major attributes = 253
 Annex 2 National lists of indicators : the trade-off between conciseness and completeness = 256
 Annex 3 Health information subsystem : issue framework = 258
 Annex 4 Examples of assessment questions and recording formats = 259
 Annex 5 Examples of assessment data tables = 261
 Annex 6 Mother health card, Chandigarh, India = 263
 Annex 7 Child health register = 264
 Annex 8 Example of tally sheet = 265
 Annex 9 Hospital daily attendance sheet = 266
 Annex 10 Population chart of catchment area = 267
 Annex 11 Example of supervisory checklist = 268
 Annex 12 HMIS／FLCF monthly report : section on mother care activities = 269
 Annex 13 Data collection instrument pre-test review form = 270