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This six-volume set presents cutting-edge advances and applications of expert systems. Because expert systems combine the expertise of engineers, computer scientists, and computer programmers, each group will benefit from buying this important reference work.

An "expert system" is a knowledge-based computer system that emulates the decision-making ability of a human expert. The primary role of the expert system is to perform appropriate functions under the close supervision of the human, whose work is supported by that expert system. In the reverse, this same expert system can monitor and double check the human in the performance of a task. Human-computer interaction in our highly complex world requires the development of a wide array of expert systems.

Reviews

Feature

• Expert systems techniques and applications are presented for a diverse array of topics including
• Experimental design and decision support
• The integration of machine learning with knowledge acquisition for the design of expert systems
• Process planning in design and manufacturing systems and process control applications
• Knowledge discovery in large-scale knowledge bases
• Robotic systems
• Geograhphic information systems
• Image analysis, recognition and interpretation
• Cellular automata methods for pattern recognition
• Real-time fault tolerant control systems
• CAD-based vision systems in pattern matching processes
• Financial systems
• Agricultural applications
• Medical diagnosis

정보제공 :

CONTENTS
PREFACE = xxiii
CONTRIBUTORS = xxv
1 History and Applications / JOHN DURKIN
  Ⅰ. Introduction = 1
  Ⅱ. Philosophy(470-322 BC) = 2
  Ⅲ. Mechanics(1800s) = 4
  Ⅳ. Computers and First Glimpse at Artificial Intelligence(1940s) = 6
  Ⅴ. Birth and Rise of Artificial Intelligence(1950s and 1960s) = 8
  Ⅵ. Fall and Rebirth of Artificial Intelligence(1970s) = 10
  Ⅶ. Proliferation of Expert Systems(1980s) = 12
  Ⅷ. State of the Field(1990s) = 15
  Ⅸ. Epilogue = 19
  References = 22
2 Tools and Applications / JOHN DURKIN
  Ⅰ. Introduction = 23
  Ⅱ. Rule-Based Tools = 24
  Ⅲ. Frame-Based Tools = 28
  Ⅳ. Fuzzy Logic Tools = 31
  Ⅴ. Induction Tools = 37
  Ⅵ. Case-Based Reasoning Tools = 41
  Ⅶ. Neural Network Tools = 44
  Ⅷ. Summary = 49
  References = 50
3 Development and Applications of Decision Trees / HUSSEIN ALMUALLIM ; SHIGEO KANEDA ; YASUHIRO AKIBA
  Ⅰ. Introduction = 54
  Ⅱ. Constructing Decision Trees from Examples = 55
  Ⅲ. Evaluation of a Learned Decision Tree = 60
  Ⅳ. Overfitting Avoidance = 61
  Ⅴ. Extensions to the Basic Procedure = 63
  Ⅵ. Voting over Multiple Decision Trees = 70
  Ⅶ. Incremental Tree Construction = 71
  Ⅷ. Existing Implementations = 72
  Ⅸ. Practical Applications = 72
  Ⅹ. Further Readings = 75
  References = 75
4 Reasoning with Imperfect Information / SIMON PARSONS
  Ⅰ. Introduction = 80
  Ⅱ. Numerical Approaches = 81
  Ⅲ. Symbolic Approaches = 93
  Ⅳ. Unifying Approaches = 102
  Ⅴ. Applications = 108
  Ⅵ. Summary = 111
  References = 112
5 Experimental Design and Decision Support / TAY KIANG MENG
  Ⅰ. Introduction = 120
  Ⅱ. New Concept of Experimental Design and Decision Support = 122
  Ⅲ. Neural Network Representation of Experimental Design and Decision Support = 127
  Ⅳ. Framework for Designing and Building Parallel Distributed Computational Adaptive Neural Networks = 128
  Ⅴ. Future Predictions on Advanced Quality Engineering and Its Methodology = 132
  Ⅵ. Overview of the Prototype = 134
  Ⅶ. Experiment Reference Template = 135
  Ⅷ. Sample Outputs from the Experiment Reference Template = 138
  Ⅸ. Data Analysis Using Neural Network = 140
  Ⅹ. Algorithm for Adaptive GaRBF Neural Network = 146
  XI. Training and Application = 149
  XII. Main Areas of Application = 155
  XIII. Implication of the Adaptive Neural Network Approach for Experimental Design and Decision Support = 156
  XIV. Conclusion = 158
  XV. Symbols and Abbreviations = 159
  Appendix A. Proof of Properties of the Scheme = 160
  Appendix B. Design of Experiment Software = 165
  References = 167
6 A Model-Based Expert System Based on a Domain Ontology / YOSHINOBU KITAMURA ; MITSURU IKEDA ; RIICHIRO MIZOGUCHI
  Ⅰ. Introduction = 171
  Ⅱ. Introduction to Ontology Engineering = 173
  Ⅲ. A Causal Time Ontology = 175
  Ⅳ. Design of a Reasoning System = 183
  Ⅴ. An Ontology of Fluid Systems = 187
  Ⅵ. Application to a Power Plant = 189
  Ⅶ. Related Work = 194
  Ⅷ. Summary = 194
  References = 195
7 Intelligent System Control : A Unified Approach and Applications / HUI-MIN HUANG ; HARRY SCOTT ; ELENA MESSINA ; MARIS JUBERTS ; RICHARD QUINTERO
  Ⅰ. Introduction = 198
  Ⅱ. The RCS Reference Model = 200
  Ⅲ. RCS Methodology - The Development Process = 205
  Ⅳ. Case Study Ⅰ, Finite State Machines, Simulator Templates, and Operator Interface Focused Implementation = 218
  Ⅴ. Case Study Ⅱ, Manufacturing Domain, toward Implementation Specification and Online Behavior Generation = 243
  Ⅵ. Case Study Ⅲ, Intelligent Autonomous Vehicles, Exercising Full Architectural Capability = 255
  Ⅶ. Summary = 262
  Disclaimer = 263
  References = 263
8 Real-Time Fault-Tolerant Control Systems / WEI LIU
  Ⅰ. Introduction = 267
  Ⅱ. Real-Time Expert-System-Based Process Control Systems = 269
  Ⅲ. Background on Fault-Tolerant Control Systems = 273
  Ⅳ. Fault-Tolerant Control Strategy Based on the Real-Time Expert System = 280
  Ⅴ. Applications to Industrial Process Control = 295
  Ⅵ. Conclusion = 302
  References = 302


2

CONTENTS
9 Model of Reasoning with Conflicting Information Sources in Knowledge-Based Systems / JINXIN LIN
  Ⅰ. Introduction = 305
  Ⅱ. Review of the Logic of and B = 308
  Ⅲ. Only Knowing = 310
  Ⅳ. First-Order Consistent Beliefs = 315
  Ⅴ. Concluding Remarks = 319
  Ⅵ. Appendix : Completeness Proof of the Logic of BOL = 319
  References = 324
10 Process Planning in Design and Manufacturing Systems / MAHMUT G U ·· LES I · N
  Ⅰ. Introduction = 327
  Ⅱ. Process Planning = 329
  Ⅲ. EPPSU : An Expert Process Planning and Fixturing System for Prismatic Parts = 333
  References = 376
11 Intelligent Systems Techniques and Their Application in Manufacturing Systems / TIEN-FU LU ; GRIER C. I. LIN
  Ⅰ. Introduction = 381
  Ⅱ. Manufacturing Problems and Trends = 382
  Ⅲ. Intelligent System Techniques = 384
  Ⅳ. Application of Intelligent System Techniques in Manufacturing - Development of an Intelligent Workcell Robot System = 392
  Ⅴ. Conclusion = 408
  References = 409
12 Architecture, Engineering, and Construction Design / TOM ANDERSEN
  Ⅰ. Introduction = 411
  Ⅱ. Expert System Techniques = 412
  Ⅲ. Phases in Knowledge Engineering = 413
  Ⅳ. Expert System Applications in Architecture, Engineering, and Construction Design = 433
  References = 440
13 Neural Networks for Process Control : Application to the Temperature Control of Batch Chemical Reactors / J. L. DIRION ; M. CABASSUD ; G. CASAMATTA ; M. V. LE LANN
  Introduction = 443
  Ⅰ. Applications of Neural Networks in Chemical Engineering = 445
  Ⅱ. Control of Batch Chemical Reactors = 449
  Ⅲ. Design Methodology of a Neural Controller = 455
  Ⅳ. Learning from Another Command Law = 460
  Ⅴ. Learning by Inverse Modeling = 476
  Ⅵ. Conclusion = 485
  References = 486
14 Intelligent Tools and Their Applications in Geographic Information Systems / ERH-CHUN YEH ; ZARKO SUMI C ´ ; S. S. VENKATA
  Ⅰ. Introduction = 490
  Ⅱ. Background and Themes = 495
  Ⅲ. Secondary System Planning = 507
  Ⅳ. Primary System Planning = 520
  Ⅴ. Street Lighting Planning = 531
  Ⅵ. Monte Carlo Simulation Testing of the Fuzzy Set Based Outage Location = 540
  References = 549
15 Microprocessor Systems / S. M. YUEN ; K. P. LAM
  Ⅰ. Introduction = 554
  Ⅱ. Approaches in Formal Hardware Verification = 555
  Ⅲ. Related Works = 557
  Ⅳ. Problem Domain = 558
  Ⅴ. Knowledge-Based System Structure = 560
  Ⅵ. Time Range Approach = 565
  Ⅶ. Fuzzy Time Point Approach = 578
  Ⅷ. Constraint Compatibility Reasoning = 596
  Ⅸ. Conclusion = 610
  Appendix = 611
  References = 614
16 Scheduling Systems for Shipbuilding / JAE KYU LEE ; JUNG SEUNG LEE ; KYOUNG JUN LEE ; JUNE SEOK HONG
  Ⅰ. Introduction = 618
  Ⅱ. Hierarchical Architecture for Shipbuilding Scheduling = 618
  Ⅲ. Constraint-Directed Graph Search for Erection Scheduling = 621
  Ⅳ. Spatial Scheduling in Shipbuilding = 626
  Ⅴ. Assembly Line Scheduling in Shipbuilding = 630
  Ⅵ. Neural Network-Based Man-Hour Estimation = 631
  Ⅶ. Three-Phase Development Strategy for Large and Complex Systems = 633
  Ⅷ. Implementation and Maintenance = 635
  Ⅸ. Organizational Impacts and Innovations = 636
  Ⅹ. Conclusions = 637
  References = 637


3

CONTENTS
17 Genetic Image Interpretation / MILAN SONKA
  Ⅰ. Introduction = 639
  Ⅱ. Preliminaries = 641
  Ⅲ. Genetic Algorithms in Computer Vision = 644
  Ⅳ. Genetic Algorithm-Based Image Interpretation Method = 645
  Ⅴ. Image Interpretation of Artificially Generated Test Examples = 649
  Ⅵ. Genetic Interpretation of Magnetic Resonance Brain Images = 651
  Ⅶ. Advantages of Genetic Algorithm-Based Image Interpretation = 655
  Reference = 657
18 Automated Visual Assembly Inspection / KHALID W. KHAWAJA ; DANIEL TRETTER ; ANTHONY A. MACIEJEWSKI ; CHARLES A. BOUMAN
  Ⅰ. Introduction = 661
  Ⅱ. The Inspection Algorithm = 665
  Ⅲ. Automated Camera and Light Placement = 681
  Ⅳ. Results = 695
  Ⅴ. Conclusions = 697
  References = 697
19 Multiresolution Invariant Image Recognition / STEFANOS D. KOLLIAS ; ANASTASIOS N. DELOPOULOS
  Ⅰ. Image Analysis and New Developments in Multimedia Systems = 702
  Ⅱ. Theoretical Aspects of Multiresolution and Cumulant Analysis = 708
  Ⅲ. Proposed Invariant Image Representations = 714
  Ⅳ. Multiresolution Neural Network Classifiers of Invariant Representations = 721
  Ⅴ. Efficient Multiresolution Texture Classification Scheme = 731
  Ⅵ. Conclusions = 737
  References = 738
20 Image Processing for Automatic Roads Determination / MEIR BARZOHAR ; DAVID B. COOPER
  Ⅰ. Introduction = 741
  Ⅱ. Road Generation = 742
  Ⅲ. Road Finding as a Map Estimation Problem = 746
  Ⅳ. High-Level Processing Combining Road Candidates = 756
  Ⅴ. Experimental Road Results = 757
  Ⅵ. Conclusions = 767
  References = 769
21 Automated Visual Inspection Systems / I. ANDREADIS
  Ⅰ. Introduction = 771
  Ⅱ. Components of an Automated Visual Inspection System = 772
  Ⅲ. Image Segmentation = 777
  Ⅳ. Measurements = 781
  Ⅴ. Image Transformations = 782
  Ⅵ. Pattern Recognition = 784
  Ⅶ. Three-Dimensional Images = 785
  Ⅷ. Applications = 786
  Ⅸ. Examples of Automated Visual Inspection Systems = 786
  Ⅹ. Conclusions = 799
  References = 799
22 Visual Programming Technology in Expert Systems Development / YOSHIYUKI KOSEKI ; MIDORI TANAKA ; YUICHI KOIKE
  Ⅰ. Introduction = 802
  Ⅱ. Visual Knowledge Representation = 803
  Ⅲ. Task-Specific Visual Representation = 805
  Ⅳ. Generic Iconic Visual Programming = 818
  Ⅴ. Conclusion = 830
  References = 831
23 CAD-Based Vision Systems in Pattern Matching Process / YVES LUCAS ; TANNEGUY REDARCE ; ALAIN JUTARD
  Ⅰ. Introduction = 834
  Ⅱ. Integrated Vision Systems in Manufacturing Processes = 835
  Ⅲ. Computer Models = 841
  Ⅳ. CAD-Based Vision System Design = 850
  Ⅴ. Intelligent Techniques for CAD-Based Vision Systems = 855
  Ⅵ. Applications = 860
  Ⅶ. Conclusion = 871
  References = 871
24 Cellular Automata Architectures for Pattern Recognition / P. TZIONAS ; I. ANDREADIS
  Ⅰ. Introduction = 876
  Ⅱ. Cellular Automata and Pattern Classification = 876
  Ⅲ. Hybrid Cellular Automaton-Neural Network Classifier = 878
  Ⅳ. Cellular Automaton-Based, Nearest Neighbor Pattern Classifier = 889
  Ⅴ. Very Large Scale Integration Implementation of Cellular Automata Architectures = 904
  Ⅵ. Conclusions = 906
  References = 906
25 Machine Intelligent System Techniques for Automatic Harvest Systems / SEIICHI INOUE ; TAKAHIRO KOBAYASHI ; TAKEO OJIKA ; RYUGO KIJIMA
  Ⅰ. Introduction = 910
  Ⅱ. Automatic Harvest Systems = 911
  Ⅲ. Method of 3D Measuring = 917
  Ⅳ. Visual Device = 922
  Ⅴ. Development of the Soft Hand = 925
  Ⅵ. Collision Avoidance Using the Virtual Hand Robot = 929
  Ⅶ. Conclusion = 934
  References = 934
26 Integrating Machine Learning with Knowledge Acquisition / GEOFFREY I. WEBB
  Ⅰ. Introduction = 937
  Ⅱ. The Knowledge Representation Scheme = 939
  Ⅲ. Machine Learning Techniques = 941
  Ⅳ. Techniques = 942
  Ⅴ. Experimental Evaluation = 953
  Ⅵ. Conclusions = 956
  Appendix = 956
  References = 958
27 Modeling Human Reasoning Processes under Uncertain Conditions / SUMIT SARKAR
  Ⅰ. Introduction = 961
  Ⅱ. Probabilistic Models = 963
  Ⅲ. Probabilistic Models for Prediction Problems = 966
  Ⅳ. Performing What-If Analysis Using Probability Models = 969
  Ⅴ. Strategies for Information Acquisition = 971
  Ⅵ. Obtaining Probability Models with Composite Attributes = 974
  Ⅶ. Ongoing and Future Research Issues = 976
  References = 976


4

CONTENTS
28 Devising an Expert System for Pediatric Syndrome Diagnosis / ØIVIND BRAATEN
  Ⅰ. Introduction = 980
  Ⅱ. What is a Syndrome? = 982
  Ⅲ. A Good Clinical Sign = 987
  Ⅳ. Using a Diagnostic Expert System in a New Setting = 996
  Ⅴ. The Problem at the Tertiary Care Center : Moving the Probability = 996
  Ⅵ. Problems with Using a Clean Bayes' Approach = 998
  Ⅶ. Quality of Data = 999
  Ⅷ. Subordinate Expert Systems = 1003
  Ⅸ. An Aside : A Different "Expert System" = 1004
  Ⅹ. A Syndrome as a "Message," in Information Theory Terms = 1005
  XI. Syndromology Expert Systems = 1005
  XII. Some Philosophical Issues = 1007
  XIII. Summary = 1010
  XIV. Conclusion = 1010
  References = 1011
29 Automatic Knowledge Discovery in Larger Scale Knowledge - Data Bases / NING ZHONG ; SETSUO OHSUGA
  Ⅰ. Introduction = 1015
  Ⅱ. Background and Goal = 1017
  Ⅲ. KOSI = 1022
  Ⅳ. IIBR = 1038
  Ⅴ. KDD Process and KDD Agents = 1053
  Ⅵ. Concluding Remarks = 1067
  References = 1068
30 Efficient Legacy Data Utilization / DAVID J. RUSSOMANNO
  Ⅰ. Introduction = 1071
  Ⅱ. The Data Migration Problem = 1075
  Ⅲ. AM／FM Features = 1076
  Ⅳ. The Object-Inferencing Framework = 1079
  Ⅴ. Target Model Data Engineering = 1087
  Ⅵ. Make Feature Process = 1098
  Ⅶ. Testing and Evaluation of the Approach = 1102
  Ⅷ. Conclusions = 1104
  References = 1105
31 Investment Decision Making / SANJA VRANE S ˘ ; MLADEN STANOJEVI C ´ ; VIOLETA STEVANOVI C ´ 
  Ⅰ. Introduction = 1107
  Ⅱ. Customer Profile and Project Evaluation = 1109
  Ⅲ. Unido Methodology = 1114
  Ⅳ. Heuristic Decision Strategy = 1115
  Ⅴ. Risk-Bearing Attitude = 1122
  Ⅵ. Multicriteria Analysis = 1125
  Ⅶ. Sensitivity Analysis = 1131
  Ⅷ. Conclusion = 1132
  References = 1132
32 Intelligent Systems Control in Manufacturing Cells / YU-LIANG SUN ; YUEHWERN YIH
  Ⅰ. Introduction = 1135
  Ⅱ. Literature Review = 1136
  Ⅲ. Architecture of Controller = 1139
  Ⅳ. System Description and Simulation Model = 1141
  Ⅴ. Development of Controller = 1144
  Ⅵ. Experiments and Results = 1148
  Ⅶ. Concluding Remarks = 1152
  References = 1153
33 Knowledge-Based Approach for Automating Web Publishing from Databases / ZHANGXI LIN ; MATTI H A ·· M A ·· L A ·· INEN ; ANDREW B. WHINSTON
  Ⅰ. Introduction = 1155
  Ⅱ. Automating HTML Page Generation = 1157
  Ⅲ. Knowledge Representation Scheme for KHDG = 1160
  Ⅳ. Implementation of KHDG = 1165
  Ⅴ. A Prototype : Smart Stock Information Agent = 1169
  Ⅵ. Summary = 1172
  References = 1172
34 Neural Networks for Economic Forecasting Problems / KAZUHIRO KOHARA
  Ⅰ. Introduction = 1175
  Ⅱ. Univariate Time-Series Forecasting = 1175
  Ⅲ. Multivariate Prediction = 1177
  Ⅳ. Hybrid Systems = 1187
  Ⅴ. Recurrent Neural Networks = 1194
  Ⅵ. Summary = 1195
  References = 1195
35 Determination of Principal Components in Data / FERDINAND PEPER ; HIDEKI NODA ; MAHDAD N. SHIRAZI
  Ⅰ. What is Principal Component Analysis? = 1200
  Ⅱ. Principal Component Analysis Neural Networks = 1210
  Ⅲ. Biological Background of Principal Component Analysis Neural Networks = 1230
  Ⅳ. Techniques = 1232
  Ⅴ. Speeding up Learning of Principal Component Analysis Neural Networks = 1236
  Ⅵ. Minor Component Analysis Neural Networks = 1243
  Ⅶ. Nonlinear Principal Component Analysis Neural Networks 1246
  References = 1255
36 Time-Series Prediction / HISASHI SHIMODAIRA
  Ⅰ. Introduction = 1260
  Ⅱ. Time-Series Prediction Using Multilayer Perceptrons = 1262
  Ⅲ. Time-Series Prediction Using Finite Impulse Response Multilayer Perceptrons = 1284
  Ⅳ. Time-Series Prediction Using Recurrent Neural Networks = 1295
  Ⅴ. Discussions = 1311
  References = 1312


5

CONTENTS
37 Hybrid Expert Systems : An Approach to Combining Neural Computation and Rule-Based Reasoning / ERNESTO BURATTINI ; MASSIMO DE GREGORIO ; GUGLIELMO TAMBURRINI
  Ⅰ. Introduction = 1316
  Ⅱ. Hybrid Visual Data Acquisition System = 1317
  Ⅲ. Pictorial Form of Explanation = 1328
  Ⅳ. Neural Forward Chaining = 1334
  Ⅴ. Neural Forward Chaining and FPGAs = 1343
  Ⅵ. Discussion = 1348
  References = 1352
38 POPFNNS : Fuzzy Neural Techniques for Rule-Based Identification in Expert Systems / C. QUEK ; R. W. ZHOU
  Ⅰ. Literature Survey = 1356
  Ⅱ. POPFNN Models = 1369
  Ⅲ. Learning Algorithms for the Introduced Fuzzy Neural Networks = 1383
  Ⅳ. Applications of Fuzzy Neural Networks = 1393
  Ⅴ. Conclusions = 1406
  References = 1406
39 Preventive Quality Management / GERHARD PETER ; ANITA KR A ·· MER ; CHRISTIAN RUPPRECHT ; BERND BERTHOLD
  Ⅰ. Introduction = 1414
  Ⅱ. IPQM = 1418
  Ⅲ. Method = 1420
  Ⅳ. Realization = 1438
  Ⅴ. Related Work = 1447
  Ⅵ. Discussion = 1450
  References = 1453
40 Distributed Logic Processors in Process Identification / E. IKONEN ; U. KORTELA ; K. NAJIM
  Ⅰ. Introduction = 1457
  Ⅱ. Distributed Logic Processors = 1459
  Ⅲ. Gradient-Based Learning = 1467
  Ⅳ. Learning Automata-Based Learning = 1472
  Ⅴ. Modeling of Flue Gas Emissions = 1481
  Ⅵ. Conclusions and Discussion = 1493
  References = 1494
41 Knowledge Representation By Means of Multilayer Perceptrons / ELENA P E ´ REZ MI N ~ ANA
  Ⅰ. Introduction = 1497
  Ⅱ. KRFs Considered = 1499
  Ⅲ. Issues in Combining SP and NNs = 1503
  Ⅳ. Applications = 1517
  Ⅴ. Conclusions = 1522
  References = 1523
42 A Guide to Research in Assumption-Based Truth Maintenance System Constraint Satisfaction / J. TAY ; C. QUEK ; S. HUANG
  Ⅰ. Introduction = 1525
  Ⅱ. Background to Reason Maintenance = 1533
  Ⅲ. Improving the Performance of Assumption-Based Truth Maintenance System Problem Solvers = 1540
  Ⅳ. Global Perspective = 1554
  Ⅴ. Conclusions = 1555
  References = 1556
43 Method for Utilization of Previous Experience in Design Expert Systems / TAKASHI ISHIKAWA ; TAKAO TERANO
  Ⅰ. Introduction = 1559
  Ⅱ. Framework of Inductive Prediction by Analogy = 1560
  Ⅲ. Analogy Using Taxonomic Information = 1561
  Ⅳ. Algorithm of Inductive Prediction by Analogy = 1563
  Ⅴ. Applications in Logic Programming = 1564
  Ⅵ. Classification Problem in Molecular Biology = 1568
  Ⅶ. Discussion and Related Work = 1573
  Ⅷ. Conclusion = 1574
  References = 1574
44 Model-Based Process Fault Diagnosis / HISASHI SHIMODAIRA
  Ⅰ. Introduction = 1577
  Ⅱ. Process Fault Diagnosis Techniques Based on Qualitative Models = 1581
  Ⅲ. Process Fault Diagnosis Techniques Based on Fuzzy Models = 1605
  Ⅳ. Process Fault Diagnosis Techniques Based on Approximate Quantitative Models = 1626
  Ⅴ. Discussions = 1637
  References = 1638


6

CONTENTS
45 Automation of Concept Development / RYUJI KUDO ; TAKAO TERANO
  Ⅰ. Introduction = 1642
  Ⅱ. Motivation = 1643
  Ⅲ. Related Work and Problems for Concept Development = 1644
  Ⅳ. Knowledge Representation = 1645
  Ⅴ. Concept Development Mechanism = 1647
  Ⅵ. Discussion of the Classification of Decision Support Systems = 1656
  Ⅶ. Conclusion = 1657
  Appendix = 1660
  References = 1664
46 Methodology for Building Case-Based Reasoning Systems in Ill-Structured Optimization Domains / KAZUO MIYASHITA
  Ⅰ. Introduction = 1667
  Ⅱ. Scheduling Problem = 1670
  Ⅲ. Modeling the Optimization Task = 1672
  Ⅳ. Cabins : Case-Based Optimization Approach = 1675
  Ⅴ. Experiments = 1686
  Ⅵ. Conclusions = 1695
  References = 1695
47 The Trainer System : Applying QR Techniques to Intelligent Tutoring Systems / C. QUEK ; W. C. SIM ; C. K. LOOI
  Ⅰ. Introduction = 1701
  Ⅱ. System Categorizations Framework = 1705
  Ⅲ. Instructional Systems Based on Qualitative Analysis = 1712
  Ⅳ. Diagnostic Systems Based on Qualitative Analysis = 1720
  Ⅴ. Observations and Discussions = 1724
  Ⅵ. Design of the Trainer System = 1730
  Ⅶ. Formative Evaluation = 1751
  Ⅷ. Conclusion = 1767
  References = 1768
48 Structuring Expert Control Using the Integrated Process Supervision Architecture / C. QUEK ; M. PASQUIER ; P. W. NG
  Introduction = 1773
  Ⅰ. Intelligent Control and Supervision = 1774
  Ⅱ. Integrated Process Supervision = 1779
  Ⅲ. Realization of the IPS = 1785
  Ⅳ. Rule-Based Process Supervision = 1797
  Ⅴ. Real-Time Integrated Process Supervision = 1807
  Ⅵ. Present and Future Developments = 1821
  Conclusion = 1825
  References = 1827
49 Tap : An Inquiry Teaching Shell Using Both Rule-Based and State-Space Approaches / C. QUEK ; L. H. WONG ; C. K. LOOI
  Ⅰ. Introduction = 1832
  Ⅱ. Instructional Planning and Inquiry Teaching = 1836
  Ⅲ. TAP : An ITS Architecture to Plan Inquiry Dialogue = 1845
  Ⅳ. Planning in TAP-2 = 1850
  Ⅴ. Domain Case Study Ⅰ : PADI-2 = 1861
  Ⅵ. Domain Case Study Ⅱ : FT-TAP = 1882
  Ⅶ. Conclusion and Future Directions = 1890
  References = 1893
50 Self Teaching and Exploratory Task-Learning Methods in Unknown Environments and Applications in Robotic Skills / RUI ARA U ´ JO ; URBANO NUNES ; J. LU I ´ S CRUZ ; AN I ´ BAL T. DE ALMEIDA
  Ⅰ. Introduction = 1898
  Ⅱ. Neural Network-Based Learning Architecture = 1900
  Ⅲ. Force Control Skill = 1909
  Ⅳ. Learning to Navigate a Mobile Robot = 1915
  Ⅴ. Neural Network-Based Local Mapping = 1917
  Ⅵ. Conclusions = 1921
  References = 1922
INDEX = 1925