[volume. vol.1]----------
CONTENTS
Preface = xv
Part 1. Introduction and TCP／IP = 1
Chapter 1. Introduction = 3
1.1 Introduction = 3
1.2 A Simple Daytime Client = 6
1.3 Protocol Independence = 9
1.4 Error Handling : Wrapper Functions = 11
1.5 A Simple Daytime Server = 13
1.6 Road Map to Client-Server Examples in the Text = 16
1.7 OSI Model = 18
1.8 BSD Networking History = 19
1.9 Test Networks and Hosts = 20
1.10 Unix Standards = 24
1.11 64-bit Architectures = 27
1.12 Summary = 28
Chapter 2. The Transport Layer : TCP and UDP = 29
2.1 Introduction = 29
2.2 The Big Picture = 30
2.3 UDP : User Datagram Protocol = 32
2.4 TCP : Transmission Control Protocol = 32
2.5 TCP Connection Establishment and Termination = 34
2.6 TIME_WAIT State = 40
2.7 Port Numbers = 41
2.8 TCP Port Numbers and Concurrent Servers = 44
2.9 Buffer Sizes and Limitations = 46
2.10 Standard Internet Services = 50
2.11 Protocol Usage by Common Internet Applications = 52
2.12 Summary = 52
Part 2. Elementary Sockets = 55
Chapter 3. Sockets Introduction = 57
3.1 Introduction = 57
3.2 Socket Address Structures = 57
3.3 Value-Result Arguments = 63
3.4 Byte Ordering Functions = 66
3.5 Byte Manipulation Functions = 69
3.6 inet_aton, inet_addr, and inet-ntoa Functions = 70
3.7 inet_pton and inet_ntop Functions = 72
3.8 sock_ntop and Related Functions = 75
3.9 readn, writen, and readline Functions = 77
3.10 isfdtype Function = 81
3.11 Summary = 82
Chapter 4. Elementary TCP Sockets = 85
4.1 Introduction = 85
4.2 socket Function = 85
4.3 connect Function = 89
4.4 bind Function = 91
4.5 listen Function = 93
4.6 accept Function = 99
4.7 fork and exec Functions = 102
4.8 Concurrent Servers = 104
4.9 close Function = 107
4.10 getsockname and getpeername Functions = 107
4.11 Summary = 110
Chapter 5. TCP Client-Server Example = 111
5.1 Introduction = 111
5.2 TCP Echo Server : main Function = 112
5.3 TCP Echo Server : str_echo Function = 113
5.4 TCP Echo Client : main Function = 113
5.5 TCP Echo Client : str_cli Function = 115
5.6 Normal Startup = 115
5.7 Normal Termination = 117
5.8 Posix Signal Handling = 119
5.9 Handling SIGCHLD Signals = 122
5.10 wait and waitpid Functions = 124
5.11 Connection Abort before accept Returns = 129
5.12 Termination of Server Process = 130
5.13 SIGPIPE Signal = 132
5.14 Crashing of Server Host = 133
5.15 Crashing and Rebooting of Server Host = 134
5.16 Shutdown of Server Host = 135
5.17 Summary of TCP Example = 135
5.18 Data Format = 137
5.19 Summary = 140
Chapter 6. I／O Multiplexing : The select and poll Functions = 143
6.1 Introduction = 143
6.2 I／O Models = 144
6.3 select Function = 150
6.4 str_cli Function (Revisited) = 155
6.5 Batch Input = 157
6.6 shutdown Function = 160
6.7 str_cli Function (Revisited Again) = 161
6.8 TCP Echo Server (Revisited) = 162
6.9 pselect Function = 168
6.10 poll Function = 168
6.11 TCP Echo Server (Revisited Again) = 172
6.12 Summary = 175
Chapter 7. Socket Options = 177
7.1 Introduction = 177
7.2 getsockopt and setsockopt Functions = 178
7.3 Checking If an Option Is Supported and Obtaining the Default = 178
7.4 Socket States = 183
7.5 Generic Socket Options = 183
7.6 IPv4 Socket Options = 197
7.7 ICMPv6 Socket Option = 199
7.8 IPv6 Socket Options = 199
7.9 TCP Socket Options = 201
7.10 fcntl Function = 205
7.11 Summary = 207
Chapter 8. Elementary UDP Sockets = 211
8.1 Introduction = 211
8.2 recvfrom and sendto Functions = 212
8.3 UDP Echo Server : main Function = 213
8.4 UDP Echo Server : dg_echo Function = 214
8.5 UDP Echo Server : main Function = 216
8.6 UDP Echo Server : dg_cli Function = 217
8.7 Lost Datagrams = 217
8.8 Verifying Received Response = 218
8.9 Server Not Running = 220
8.10 Summary of UDP example = 221
8.11 connect Function with UDP = 224
8.12 dg_cli Function (Revisited) = 227
8.13 Lack of Flow Control with UDP = 228
8.14 Determining Outgoing Interface with UDP = 231
8.15 TCP and UDP Echo Server Using select = 233
8.16 Summary = 235
Chapter 9. Elementary Name and Address Conversions = 237
9.1 Introduction = 237
9.2 Domain Name System = 237
9.3 gethostbyname Function = 240
9.4 RES-USE_INET6 Resolver Option = 245
9.5 gethostbyname2 Function and IPv6 Support = 246
9.6 gethostbyaddr Function = 248
9.7 uname Function = 249
9.8 gethostname Function = 250
9.9 getservbyname and getservbyport Functions = 251
9.10 Other Networking Information = 255
9.11 Summary = 256
Part 3. Advanced Sockets = 259
Chapter 10. IPv4 and IPv6 Interoperability = 261
10.1 Introduction = 261
10.2 IPv4 Client, IPv6 Server = 262
10.3 IPv6 Client, IPv4 Server = 265
10.4 IPv6 Address Testing Macros = 267
10.5 IPV6_ADDRFORM Socket Option = 268
10.6 Source Code Portability = 270
10.7 Summary = 271
Chapter 11. Advanced Name and Address Conversions = 273
11.1 Introduction = 273
11.2 getaddrinfo Function = 273
11.3 gai_strerror Function = 278
11.4 freeaddrinfo Function = 279
11.5 getaddrinfo Function : IPv6 and Unix Domain = 279
11.6 getaddrinfo Function : Examples = 282
11.7 host_serv Function = 284
11.8 tcp_connect Function = 285
11.9 tcp_listen Function = 288
11.10 udp_client Function = 293
11.11 udp_connect Function = 295
11.12 udp_server Function = 296
11.13 getnameinfo Function = 298
11.14 Reentrant Functions = 300
11.15 gethostbyname_r and gethostbyaddr_r Function = 303
11.16 Implementation of getaddrinfo and getnameinfo Functions = 305
11.17 Summary = 328
Chapter 12. Daemon Processes and inetd Superserver = 331
12.1 Introduction = 331
12.2 syslogd Daemon = 332
12.3 syslog Function = 333
12.4 daemon_init Function = 335
12.5 inetd Daemon = 339
12.6 daemon_inetd Function = 344
12.7 Summary = 346
Chapter 13. Advanced I／O Functions = 349
13.1 Introduction = 349
13.2 Socket Timeouts = 349
13.3 recv and send Functions = 354
13.4 readv and writev Functions = 357
13.5 recvmsg and sendmsg Functions = 358
13.6 Ancillary Data = 362
13.7 How Much Data Is Queued? = 365
13.8 Sockets and Standard I／O = 366
13.9 T／TCP : TCP for Transactions = 369
13.10 Summary = 371
Chapter 14. Unix Domain Protocols = 373
14.1 Introduction = 373
14.2 Unix Domain Socket Address Structure = 374
14.3 socketpair Function = 376
14.4 Socket Functions = 377
14.5 Unix Domain Stream Client-Server = 378
14.6 Unix Domain Datagram Client-Server = 379
14.7 Passing Descriptors = 381
14.8 Receiving Sender Credentials = 390
14.9 Summary = 394
Chapter 15. Nonblocking I／O = 397
15.1 Introduction = 397
15.2 Nonblocking Reads and Writes : str_cli Function (Revisited) = 399
15.3 Nonblocking connect = 409
15.4 Nonblocking connect : Daytime Client = 410
15.5 Nonblocking connect : Web Client = 413
15.6 Nonblocking accept = 422
15.7 Summary = 424
Chapter 16. ioctl Operations = 425
16.1 Introduction = 425
16.2 ioctl Function = 426
16.3 Socket Operations = 426
16.4 File Operations = 427
16.5 Interface Configuration = 428
16.6 get_ifi_info Function = 429
16.7 Interface Operations = 439
16.8 ARP Cache Operations = 440
16.9 Routing Table Operations = 442
16.10 Summary = 443
Chapter 17. Routing Sockets = 445
17.1 Introduction = 445
17.2 Datalink Socket Address Structure = 446
17.3 Reading and Writing = 447
17.4 sysctl Operations = 454
17.5 get_ifi_info Function = 459
17.6 Interface Name and Index Functions = 463
17.7 Summary = 467
Chapter 18. Broadcasting = 469
18.1 Introduction = 469
18.2 Broadcast Addresses = 470
18.3 Unicast versus Broadcast = 472
18.4 dg_cli Function Using Broadcasting = 475
18.5 Race Conditions = 478
18.6 Summary = 486
Chapter 19. Multicasting = 487
19.1 Introduction = 487
19.2 Multicast Addresses = 487
19.3 Multicasting versus Broadcasting on a LAN = 490
19.4 Multicasting on a WAN = 493
19.5 Multicast Socket Options = 495
19.6 mcast_join and Related Functions = 499
19.7 dg_cli Function Using Multicasting = 502
19.8 Receiving MBone Session Announcements = 504
19.9 Sending and Receiving = 507
19.10 SNTP : Simple Network Time Protocol = 510
19.11 SNTP (Continued) = 515
19.12 Summary = 528
Chapter 20. Advanced UDP Sockets = 531
20.1 Introduction = 531
20.2 Receiving Flags, Destination IP Address, and Interface Index = 532
20.3 Datagram Truncation = 539
20.4 When to Use UDP Instead of TCP = 539
20.5 Adding Reliability to a UDP Application = 542
20.6 Binding Interface Addresses = 553
20.7 Concurrent UDP Servers = 557
20.8 IPv6 Packet Information = 560
20.9 Summary = 562
Chapter 21. Out-of-Band Data = 565
21.1 Introduction = 565
21.2 TCP Out-of-Band Data = 565
21.3 sockatmark Function = 572
21.4 TCP Out-of-Band Data Summary = 580
21.5 Client-Server Heartbeat Functions = 581
21.6 Summary = 586
Chapter 22. Signal-Driven I／O = 589
22.1 Introduction = 589
22.2 Signal-Driven I／O for Sockets = 590
22.3 UDP Echo Server Using SIGIO = 592
22.4 Summary = 598
Chapter 23. Threads = 601
23.1 Introduction = 601
23.2 Basic Thread Functions : Creation and Termination = 602
23.3 str_cli Function Using Threads = 605
23.4 TCP Echo Server Using Threads = 607
23.5 Thread-Specific Data = 611
23.6 Web Client and Simultaneous Connections (Continued) = 620
23.7 Mutexes : Mutual Exclusion = 622
23.8 Condition Variables = 627
23.9 Web Client and Simultaneous Connections (Continued) = 631
23.10 Summary = 633
Chapter 24. IP Options = 635
24.1 Introduction = 635
24.2 IPv4 Options = 635
24.3 IPv4 Source Route Options = 637
24.4 IPv6 Extension Headers = 645
24.5 IPv6 Hop-by-Hop Options and Destination Options = 645
24.6 IPv6 Routing Header = 649
24.7 IPv6 Sticky Options = 653
24.8 Summary = 654
Chapter 25. Raw Sockets = 655
25.1 Introduction = 655
25.2 Raw Socket Creation = 656
25.3 Raw Socket Output = 657
25.4 Raw Socket Input = 659
25.5 Ping Program = 661
25.6 Traceroute Program = 672
25.7 An ICMP Message Daemon = 685
25.8 Summary = 702
Chapter 26. Datalink Access = 703
26.1 Introduction = 703
26.2 BPF : BSD Packet Filter = 704
26.3 DLPI : Data Link Provider Interface = 706
26.4 Linux : SOCK_PACKET = 707
26.5 libpcap : Packet Capture Library = 707
26.6 Examining the UDP Checksum Field = 708
26.7 Summary = 725
Chapter 27. Client-Server Design Alternatives = 727
27.1 Introduction = 727
27.2 TCP Client Alternatives = 730
27.3 TCP Test Client = 730
27.4 TCP Iterative Server = 732
27.5 TCP Concurrent Server, One Child per Client = 732
27.6 TCP Preforked Server, No Locking around accept = 736
27.7 TCP Preforked Server, File Locking around accept = 742
27.8 TCP Preforked Server, Thread Locking around accept = 745
27.9 TCP Preforked Server, Descriptor Passing = 746
27.10 TCP Concurrent Server, One Thread per Client = 752
27.11 TCP Prethreaded Server, per-Thread accept = 754
27.12 TCP Prethreaded Server, Main Thread accept = 756
27.13 Summary = 759
Part 4. XTI : X／Open Transport Interface = 761
Chapter 28. XTI : TCP Clients = 763
28.1 Introduction = 763
28.2 t_open Function = 764
28.3 t_error and t_strerror Functions = 767
28.4 netbuf Structures and XTI Structures = 769
28.5 t_bind Function = 770
28.6 t_connect Function = 772
28.7 t_rcv and t_snd Functions = 773
28.8 t_look Function = 774
28.9 t_sndrel and t_rcvrel Functions = 775
28.10 t_snddis and t_rcvdis Functions = 777
28.11 XTI TCP Daytime Client = 778
28.12 xti_rdwr Function = 781
28.13 Summary = 782
Chapter 29. XTI : Name and Address Functions = 783
29.1 Introduction = 783
29.2 ／etc／netconfig File and netconfig Functions = 784
29.3 NETPATH Variable and netpath Functions = 785
29.4 netdir Functions = 786
29.5 t_alloc and t_free Functions = 788
29.6 t_getprotaddr Functions = 790
29.7 xti_ntop Function = 791
29.8 tcp_connect Function = 792
29.9 Summary = 796
Chapter 30. XTI : TCP Servers = 797
30.1 Introduction = 797
30.2 t_listen Function = 799
30.3 tcp_listen Function = 800
30.4 t_accept Function = 802
30.5 xti-accept Function = 803
30.6 Simple Daytime Server = 804
30.7 Multiple Pending Connections = 806
30.8 xti-accept Function (Revisited) = 808
30.9 Summary = 816
Chapter 31. XTI : UDP Clients and Servers = 819
31.1 Introduction = 819
31.2 t_rcvudata and t_sndudata Functions = 819
31.3 udp_client Function = 820
31.4 t_rcvuderr Function : Asynchronous Errors = 824
31.5 udp_server Function = 826
31.6 Reading a Datagram in Pieces = 829
31.7 Summary = 831
Chapter 32. XTI Options = 833
32.1 Introduction = 833
32.2 t_opthdr Structure = 835
32.3 XTI Options = 837
32.4 t_optmgmt Function = 840
32.5 Checking If an Option Is Supported and Obtaining the Default = 841
32.6 Getting and Setting XTI Options = 844
32.7 Summary = 848
Chapter 33. Streams = 849
33.1 Introduction = 849
33.2 Overview = 850
33.3 getmsg and putmsg Functions = 854
33.4 getpmsg and putpmsg Functions = 855
33.5 ioctl Function = 855
33.6 TPI : Transport Provider Interface = 856
33.7 Summary = 866
Chapter 34. XTI : Additional Functions = 867
34.1 Introduction = 867
34.2 Nonblocking I／O = 867
34.3 t_rcvconnect Function = 868
34.4 t_getinfo Function = 869
34.5 t_getstate Function = 869
34.6 t_sync Function = 870
34.7 t_unbind Function = 872
34.8 t_rcvv and t_rcvvudata Functions = 872
34.9 t_sndv and t_sndvudata Functions = 873
34.10 t_rcvrreldata and t_sndreldata Functions = 874
34.11 Signal-Driven I／O = 874
34.12 Out-of-Band Data = 875
34.13 Loopback Transport Providers = 880
34.14 Summary = 881
Appendix A. IPv4, IPv6, ICMPv4, and ICMPv6 = 883
A.1 Introduction = 883
A.2 IPv4 Header = 883
A.3 IPv6 Header = 885
A.4 IPv4 Addresses = 887
A.5 IPv6 Addresses = 892
A.6 ICMPv4 and ICMPv6 : Internet Control Message Protocol = 896
Appendix B. Virtual Networks = 899
B.1 Introduction = 899
B.2 The MBone = 899
B.3 The 6bone = 901
Appendix C. Debugging Techniques = 903
C.1 System Call Tracing = 903
C.2 Standard Internet Services = 908
C.3 sock Program = 908
C.4 Small Test Programs = 911
C.5 tcpdump Program = 913
C.6 netstat Program = 914
C.7 lsof Program = 914
Appendix D. Miscellaneous Source Code = 915
D.1 unp.h Header = 915
D.2 config.h Header = 919
D.3 unpxti.h Header = 920
D.4 Standard Error Functions = 922
Appendix E. Solutions to Selected Exercises = 925
Bibliography = 963
Index = 971
[volume. vol.2]----------
CONTENTS
Preface = xiii
Part 1. Introduction = 1
Chapter 1. Introduction = 3
1.1 Introduction = 3
1.2 Processes, Threads, and the Sharing of Information = 5
1.3 Persistence of IPC Objects = 6
1.4 Name Spaces = 7
1.5 Effect of fork, exec, and exit on IPC Objects = 9
1.6 Error Handling : Wrapper Functions = 11
1.7 Unix Standards = 13
1.8 Road Map to IPC Examples in the Text = 15
1.9 Summary = 16
Chapter 2. Posix IPC = 19
2.1 Introduction = 19
2.2 IPC Names = 19
2.3 Creating and Opening IPC Channels = 22
2.4 IPC Permissions = 25
2.5 Summary = 26
Chapter 3. System V IPC = 27
3.1 Introduction = 27
3.2 key_t Keys and ftok Function = 28
3.3 ipc_perm Structure = 30
3.4 Creating and Opening IPC Channels = 30
3.5 IPC Permissions = 32
3.6 Identifer Reuse = 34
3.7 ipcs and ipcrm Programs = 36
3.8 Kernel Limits = 36
3.9 Summary = 38
Part 2. Message Passing = 41
Chapter 4. Pipes and FIFOs = 43
4.1 Introduction = 43
4.2 A Simple Client-Server Example = 43
4.3 Pipes = 44
4.4 Full-Duplex Pipes = 50
4.5 popen and pclose Functions = 52
4.6 FIFOs = 54
4.7 Additional Properties of Pipes of FIFOs = 58
4.8 One Server, Multiple Clients = 60
4.9 Iterative versus Concurrent Servers = 66
4.10 Streams and Messages = 67
4.11 Pipe and FIFO Limits = 72
4.12 Summary = 73
Chapter 5. Posix Message Queues = 75
5.1 Introduction = 75
5.2 mq_open, mq_close, and mq_unlink Functions = 76
5.3 mq_getattr and mq_setattr Functions = 79
5.4 mq_send and mq_receive Functions = 82
5.5 Message Queue Limits = 86
5.6 mq_notify Function = 87
5.7 Posix Realtime Signals = 98
5.8 Implementation Using Memory-Mapped I／O = 106
5.9 Summary = 126
Chapter 6. System V Message Queues = 129
6.1 Introduction = 129
6.2 msgget Function = 130
6.3 msgsnd Function = 131
6.4 msgrcv Function = 132
6.5 msgctl Function = 134
6.6 Simple Programs = 135
6.7 Client-Server Example = 140
6.8 Multiplexing Messages = 142
6.9 Message Queues with select and poll = 151
6.10 Message Queue Limits = 152
6.11 Summary = 155
Part 3. Synchronization = 157
Chapter 7. Mutexes and Condition Variables = 159
7.1 Introduction = 159
7.2 Mutexes : Locking and Unlocking = 159
7.3 Producer-Consumer Problem = 161
7.4 Locking versus Waiting = 165
7.5 Condition Variables : Waiting and Signaling = 167
7.6 Condition Variables : Timed Waits and Broadcasts = 171
7.7 Mutexes and Condition Variable Attributes = 172
7.8 Summary = 174
Chapter 8. Read-Write Locks = 177
8.1 Introduction = 177
8.2 Obtaining and Releasing Read-Write Locks = 178
8.3 Read-Write Lock Attributes = 179
8.4 Implementation Using Mutexes and Condition Variables = 179
8.5 Thread Cancellation = 187
8.6 Summary = 192
Chapter 9. Record Locking = 193
9.1 Introduction = 193
9.2 Record Locking versus File Locking = 197
9.3 Posix fcntl Record Locking = 199
9.4 Advisory Locking = 203
9.5 Mandatory Locking = 204
9.6 Priorities of Readers and Writers = 207
9.7 Starting Only One Copy of a Daemon = 213
9.8 Lock Files = 214
9.9 NFS Locking = 216
9.10 Summary = 216
Chapter 10. Posix Semaphores = 219
10.1 Introduction = 219
10.2 sem_open, sem_close, and sem_unlink Functions = 225
10.3 sem_wait and sem_trywait Functions = 226
10.4 sem_post and sem_getvalue Functions = 227
10.5 Simple Programs = 228
10.6 Producer-Consumer Problem = 233
10.7 File Locking = 238
10.8 sem_init and sem_destroy Functions = 238
10.9 Multiple Producers, One Consumer = 242
10.10 Multiple Producers, Multiple Consumers = 245
10.11 Multiple Buffers = 249
10.12 Sharing Semaphores between Processes = 256
10.13 Semaphore Limits = 257
10.14 Implementation Using FIFOs = 257
10.15 Implementation Using Memory-Mapped I／O = 262
10.16 Implementation Using System V Semaphores = 271
10.17 Summary = 278
Chapter 11. System V Semaphores = 281
11.1 Introduction = 281
11.2 semget Function = 282
11.3 semop Function = 285
11.4 semctl Function = 287
11.5 Simple Programs = 289
11.6 File Locking = 294
11.7 Semaphore Limits = 296
11.8 Summary = 300
Part 4. Shared Memory = 301
Chapter 12. Shared Memory Introduction = 303
12.1 Introduction = 303
12.2 mmap, munmap, and msync Functions = 307
12.3 Increment Counter in a Memory-Mapped File = 311
12.4 4.4BSD Anonymous Memory Mapping = 315
12.5 SVR4 ／dev／zero Memory Mapping = 316
12.6 Referencing Memory-Mapped Objects = 317
12.7 Summary = 322
Chapter 13. Posix Shared Memory = 325
13.1 Introduction = 325
13.2 shm_open and shm_unlink Functions = 326
13.3 ftruncate and fstat Functions = 327
13.4 Simple Programs = 328
13.5 Incrementing a Shared Counter = 333
13.6 Sending Messages to a Server = 336
13.7 Summary = 342
Chapter 14. System V Shared Memory = 343
14.1 Introduction = 343
14.2 shmget Function = 343
14.3 shmat Function = 344
14.4 shmdt Function = 345
14.5 shmctl Function = 345
14.6 Simple Programs = 346
14.7 Shared Memory Limits = 349
14.8 Summary = 351
Part 5. Remote Procedure Calls = 353
Chapter 15. Doors = 355
15.1 Introduction = 355
15.2 door_call Function = 3661
15.3 door_create Function = 363
15.4 door_return Function = 364
15.5 door_cred Function = 365
15.6 door_info Function = 365
15.7 Examples = 366
15.8 Descriptor Passing = 379
15.9 door_server_create Function = 384
15.10 door_bind, door_unbind, and door_revoke Functions = 390
15.11 Premature Termination of Client or Server = 390
15.12 Summary = 397
Chapter 16. Sun RPC = 399
16.1 Introduction = 399
16.2 Multithreading = 407
16.3 Server Binding = 411
16.4 Authentication = 414
16.5 Timeout and Retransmission = 417
16.6 Call Semantics = 422
16.7 Premature Termination of Client or Server = 424
16.8 XDR : External Data Representation = 426
16.9 RPC Packet Formats = 444
16.10 Summary = 449
Epilogue = 453
Appendix A. Performance Measurements = 457
A.1 Introduction = 457
A.2 Results = 458
A.3 Message Passing Bandwidth Programs = 467
A.4 Message Passing Latency Programs = 480
A.5 Thread Synchronization Programs = 486
A.6 Process Synchronization Programs = 497
Appendix B. A Threads Primer = 501
B.1 Introduction = 501
B.2 Basic Thread Functions : Creation and Termination = 502
Appendix C. Miscellaneous Source Code = 505
C.1 unpipc.h Header = 505
C.2 config.h Header = 509
C.3 Standard Error Functions = 510
Appendix D. Solutions to Selected Exercises = 515
Bibliography = 535
Index = 539
