CONTENTS
PART ONE
Systems Development Fundamentals
1 The Modern Systems Analyst = 4
Minicase :J. B. Hoffman and Company = 5
Who Should Read This Book? = 6
Systems Analysts - Modern Business Problem Solvers = 8
Origins of the Systems Analyst = 8
Job Descriptions for the Modern Systems Analyst = 8
The Systems Analyst as a Problem Solver = 9
Where Do Systems Analysts Work? = 12
The Next Generation
Independent Business Units :A New Home for Tomorrow's Analysts? = 15
Users and Other Contacts = 17
Preparing for a Career as a Systems Analyst = 18
Working Knowledge of Information Systems and Technology = 19
Computer Programming Experience and Expertise = 19
General Business Knowledge = 20
Problem-Solving Skills = 20
Interpersonal Communications Skills = 21
Interpersonal Relations Skills = 21
Flexibility and Adaptability = 22
Character and Ethics = 22
Systems Analysis and Design Skills = 23
What are the Jo and Career Prospects? = 23
Career Prospects = 23
How Will Tomorrow's Analysts Differ from Today's? = 24
Summary = 25
Key Terms = 26
Questions and Problems = 26
Projects and Minicases = 27
Suggested Readings = 29
SoundStage Episode 1
SoundStage Entertainment Club :A Preview of Your Demonstration Case = 30
2 Information Systems Building Blocks = 36
Minicase :Arcber Industries, Inc. = 37
What Are Information Systems? = 38
Building Block - People = 40
System Owners = 41
System Users = 41
System Designers = 45
System Builders = 46
Building Block - data = 46
The System Owner's View of Data = 47
The System User's View of Data = 48
The System Designer's View of Data = 50
The System Builder's View of Data = 51
Building Block - Activities = 52
The System Owner's View of Activities = 53
The Next Generation
Computer-Integrated Manufacturing Systems = 60
The System User's View of Activities = 61
The System Designer's View of Activities = 61
The System Builder's View of Activities = 63
Building Block - Networks = 64
The System Owner's View of Networks = 66
The System User's View of Networks = 66
The System Designer's View of Networks = 68
The System Builder's View of Networks = 70
Building Block - Technology = 70
Data Technology = 72
Processing Technology = 72
Communications Technology = 73
Technical Specialists = 73
Summary = 73
Key Terms = 75
Questions, Problems, and Exercises = 76
Projects and Minicases = 78
Suggested Readings = 79
SoundStage Episode2
A New Information Systems Project Is Started = 80
3 A Systems Development Life Cycle = 88
Minicase :Century Tool and Die, Inc. = 89
Essential Principles for Successful Systems Development = 91
Principle 1 :Get the User Involved = 91
Principle 2 :Use a Problem-Solving Approach = 92
Principle 3 :Establish Phases and Activities = 92
Principle 4 :Establish Standards for Consistent Development and Documentation = 93
Principle 5 :Justify Systems as Capital Investments = 94
Principle 6 :Don't Be Afraid to Cancel or Revise Scope = 94
Principle 7 :Divide and Conquer = 95
Principle 8 :Design Systems for Growth and Change = 95
Reaction versus Planning = 97
The PIECES Framework = 98
The Life Cycle - A Problem Solving Approach = 98
An Overview of the Life Cycle = 98
Systems Planning = 102
Systems Analysis = 107
Systems Design = 112
Systems Implementation = 117
Systems Support = 121
Cross Life Cycle Activities = 125
Cross Life Cycle Activity :Fact Finding = 126
Cross Life Cycle Activity :Documentation and Presentations = 126
Cross Life Cycle Activity :Estimation and Measurement = 127
Cross Life Cycle Activity :Feasibility Analysis = 127
Cross Life Cycle Activity :Project and Process Management = 128
Systems Development by End = Users = 128
The Next Generation
Process Managers :An On-Line SDLC = 129
End-User Systems Planning = 129
End-User Systems Analysis = 130
End-User Systems Design = 130
End-User Systems Implementation = 131
End-User Systems Support = 132
Summary = 132
Key Terms = 133
Questions, Problems, and Exercises = 134
Projects and Minicases = 136
Suggested Readings = 138
4 Systems Development Techniques and Methodologies = 140
Minicase :The Three Ostriches = 141
Techniques and Methodologies Complement the Life Cycle = 142
Long Live the Life Cycle! = 142
The Structured Techniques = 143
A Framework for the Structured Techniques = 144
Structured Programming = 144
Structured Design = 146
Modern Structured Analysis = 149
Data Modeling = 152
Information Engineering = 154
The Joint Application Development(JAD) Technique = 155
The Prototyping and Rapid Development Techniques = 157
Commerical Methodologies = 159
The Bottom Line = 160
Summary = 161
The Next Generation Object-Oriented Techniques = 162
Key Terms = 163
Questions, Problems, and Exercises = 163
Projects and Minicases = 164
Suggested Reading = 165
5 Computer-Alded Systems Engineering = 166
Minicase :International Flavors, Inc. = 167
Computer-Aided Systems Engineering(CASE) = 168
The History and Evolution of CASE Technology = 169
A Survey of CASE Tools and Representative Products = 170
CASE Architecture = 184
CASE Integration = 191
Implementing CASE = 195
Benefits of CASE = 195
The Next Generation
Ad/Cycle :IBM's Blueprint for Application Development and Integrated CASE = 196
Costs of CASE = 198
Justification for CASE = 199
Implementation Recommendations = 200
Summary = 203
Key Terms = 204
Questions, Problems, and Exercises = 205
Projects and Minicases = 206
Suggested Readings = 206
PART TWO
Systems Planning and Systems Analysis
6 Systems Planning = 210
Minicase :Arkansas Technical Institutes = 211
What Is System Planning? = 212
The Study Phase of Systems Planning = 213
Building Blocks for the Study Phase = 214
Study Phase Activities, Roles, and Techniques = 219
The Definition Phase of Systems Planning = 224
Building Blocks for the Definition Phase = 224
Definition Phase Activities, Roles, and Techniques = 228
The Business Area Analysis(BAA)Phase of Systems Planning = 238
Building Blocks for the BAA = 238
BAA Activities, Roles, and Techniques = 239
The Next Generation
Business Process Reengineering = 240
Summary = 246
Key Terms = 247
Questions, Problems, and Exercises = 247
Projects and Minicases = 248
Suggested Reading = 249
7 Systems Analysis = 250
Minicase :Colleens Financial Services = 251
What Is Systems Analysis? = 253
The Servey Phase of Systems Analysis = 255
Building Blocks for the Survey Phase = 255
Survey Phase Activities, Roles, and Techniques = 255
The Study Phase of Systems Analysis = 263
Building Blocks for the Study Phase = 264
Sutdy Phase Activities, Roles, and Techniques = 270
Using JAD Techniques in the Study Phase = 279
The Definition Phase of Systems Analysis = 279
Building Blocks for the Definition Phase = 280
Definition Phase Activities, Roles, and Techniques = 281
The Next Generation
Expert Technology for Systems Modeling = 286
Using JAD Techniques in the definition Phase = 290
Summary = 290
Key Terms = 292
Questions, Problems, and Exercises = 292
Projects and Minicases = 294
Suggested Reading = 294
SoundStage Episode 3
Requirements Definition for the New System(Part Ⅰ) = 295
8 Data Modeling = 302
Minicase :Braggs & Associates = 303
An Introduction to System Modeling = 304
Entity Relationship Diagrams = 307
Entity Relationship Diagram Conventions and Guidelines = 308
Other Popular Data Modeling Tools :Martin and Bachman = 321
Computer-Aided Systems Engineering(CASE) for ERDs = 326
How to Construct Data Models = 327
Data Modeling throughout the Life Cycle = 327
The Next Generation
Object and Business Rule Modeling = 330
A Step-by-Step Data Modeling Approach = 332
Summary = 340
Key Terms = 342
Problems and Exercises = 342
Projects and Minicases = 343
Suggested Readings = 344
9 Process Modeling = 346
Minicase :The Internal Revenue Service = 347
Systems Modeling :The Essence of a System = 348
Data Flow Diagrams = 350
Data Flow Diagram Conventions and Guidelines = 351
Computer-Aided Systems Engineering(CASE)for DFDs = 363
How to Construct Models = 364
When to Build Process Models = 364
The Next Generation
Business Process Redsign and Workflow Systems = 366
A Step-By-Step Process Modeling Approach = 368
The Expansion Approach to Drawing DFDs = 389
Summary = 396
Key Terms = 396
Problems and Exercises = 396
Projects and Minicases = 397
Suggested Readings = 399
10 Network Modeling = 400
Minicase :Remington Steel = 401
Network Modeling - Not Just for Computer Networks = 402
The History and Concepts of Systems Distribution = 404
Centralized Computing and Timesharing = 404
Stand-Alone Personal Computing = 405
Distributed Computing = 405
Cooperative Computing = 407
Client/Server Computing = 407
Implications for the Systems Analyst = 409
Location Connectivity Diagrams = 409
Location Connectivity Diagram Conventions and Guidelines = 409
The Relationships between Network, Data, and Processing Models = 413
Computer-Aided Systems Engineering(CASE) for Network Modeling = 414
How to Construct Network Models = 414
When to Build Network Models = 414
A Step-by-Step Network Modeling Approach = 416
Summary = 419
Key Terms = 419
Problems and Exercises = 419
Projects and Minicases = 420
Suggested Readings = 418
SoundStage Episode 4
Requirements Definition for the New System(Part Ⅱ) = 421
11 Using a Project Repository = 424
Minicase :Americana Plastics = 425
What Is a Project Repository? = 426
The Purpose and Content of the Project Repository = 426
The Next Generation
Integrated Repositoriles = 428
Organization of a Project Repository = 428
Specifying Data and Information
Requirements in a Project Repository = 429
Defining Data and Information Structure = 430
Specifying Essential Process Requirements in a Project Repository = 435
What Are Business Policies or Procedures? = 436
The Problems with Procedures = 436
Decision Tables :A Policy Specification Tool = 438
Structured English :A Procedure Specification Tool = 446
Decision Table or Structured English? = 450
Computer-Assisted Systems Engineering(CASE) for Specifying Data and Porcess Requirements = 450
How to Specify Data and Information Requirements in a Respiratory = 451
Specifying Data Entities in a Project Repository = 451
Specifying Data Flows in a Project Repository = 453
Specifying Data Stores in a Project Repository = 453
Specifying Records in a Project Repository = 456
Specifying Data Attributes in a Project Repository = 456
Specifying Table of Codes in a Project Repository = 459
How to Describe Process Requirements in a Repository = 461
Specifying Processes in a Repository Using Structured English = 462
Sepcifying Processes in the Repository Using Decision Tables = 463
How to Describe Network Requirements in a Repository = 463
Summary = 464
Key Terms = 465
Questions, Problems, and Exercises = 465
Projects and Minicases = 467
Suggested Readings = 468
PART THREE
12 Systems Design = 472
Minicase :Scbuster and Petrie, Inc. = 473
What Is Systems Design? = 474
The Selection Phase of Systems Design = 476
Building Blocks for the Selection Phase = 476
Selection Phase Activities, Roles, and Techniques = 476
The Acquisition Phase of Systems Design = 480
Building Blocks for the Acquisition Phase = 480
Acquisition Phase Activities, Roles, and Techniques = 481
The Design and Integration Phase of Systems Design = 485
Building Blocks for Completing the Design and Integration Phase = 486
Design and Integration Phase Activities, Roles, and Techniques = 486
Design by Prototyping = 490
The Prototyping Approach :Advantages and Disadvantages = 491
The Technology and Strategy of Prototyping = 492
Summary = 496
Key Terms = 497
Questions, Problems, and Exercises = 497
Projects and Minicases = 498
Suggested Reading = 499
SoundStage Episode 5
Data and Process Analysis and Design for the New System = 500
13 Data Analysis = 504
Minicase :Precious Jewels Diamond Centers = 505
Data Analysis for Design Decisions = 506
What Is a Good Data Model? = 507
What Is Data Analysis? = 507
When to Perform Data Analysis = 509
Data Analysis during Systems Planning = 509
Data Analysis during Systems Analysis = 509
Data Analysis during Systems Desing = 509
A Step-by-Step Approach to Data Analysis = 510
Step 1 :Verify or Add Keys to Entities = 510
Step 2 :Place Entities into 1NF = 510
Step 3 :Place Entities into 2NF = 514
Step 4 :Place Entities into 3NF = 516
Step 5 :Further Simplify through Inspection = 519
Step 6 :Redraw Your Refined ERD = 520
Step 7 :rEVIEW AND rEFINE yOUR dATA mODEL = 522
Event Analysis for Design Decisions = 523
The Need to Perform Event Analysis = 523
What is Event Analysis? = 524
When to Perform Event Analysis = 525
A Step-by-Step Approach to Event Analysis = 525
Step 1 :Identify Events for Fundamental Entities = 525
Step 2 :Identify Events for Associative Entities = 528
Step 3 :Consolidate Common Events = 530
Impact of Data and Event Analysis upon DFDs = 530
Computer-Aided Systems Engineering(CASE) for Data and Event Analysis = 532
Summary = 532
Key Terms = 533
Projects and Minicases = 533
Suggested Readings = 534
14 Process Analysis and Design = 536
Minicase :Pacific Imports = 537
General Design Decisions = 538
Centralized, Distributed, and Cooperative Processing = 538
Centralized and Distributed Data Storage = 544
Inputs and Outputs = 545
Implementation Models = 548
Implementation Data Flow Diagrams = 548
System Flowcharts = 554
General System Design for Processes = 557
Process Analysis and Design = 559
Summary = 570
Key Terms = 570
Problems and Exercises = 571
Projects and Minicases = 572
Suggested Readings = 572
SoundStage Episode 6
File and Database Design for the New System = 574
15 File and Database Design = 576
Minicase :Martin and Short Consulting Company = 577
Conventional Files versus the Database = 578
Pros and Cons of Conventional Files = 578
Pros add Cons of Database = 580
File and Database Design Concepts = 580
Fields = 581
Records = 582
Files = 586
Databases = 590
How to Design and Document Conventional Files = 595
File Design Technique = 595
Step 1 :Determine the Data Content of the File = 598
Step 2 :Update the Record to REflect Physical Requirements = 600
Step 3 :Design the File = 601
The Next Generation
Reverse Database Engineering = 604
How to Design and Document Databases = 605
Step 1 :Review Database Requirements = 605
Step 2 :Design the Logical Schema for the Database = 607
Step 3 :Prototype the Database(if Necessary) = 609
Summary = 611
Key Terms = 612
Problems and Exercises = 613
Projects and Minicases = 614
Suggested Readings = 616
SoundStage Episode 7
Output, Input, and User Interface Design for the New System = 618
16 Input and Output Design = 626
Minicase :The Wholesale Cost-Plus Club = 627
Principles and Guidelines for Input and Output Design = 628
Data Capture, Data Entry, and Data Input = 629
Input and Output Methods, Media, and Formats = 632
System User Issues for Input and Output Design = 636
Internal Controls for Inputs and Outputs = 638
How to Prototype and Design Computer Inputs = 640
Step 1 :Review Input Requirements = 640
Step 2 :Design or Prototype the Source Document = 643
The Next Generation
Forms-Processing Software :Simplified On-Line Inputs for Traditional Paper Forms = 644
Step 3 :Prototype the Layout for System Users = 644
Step 4 :If Necessary, Convert User-Oriented Input Layouts into Programmer-Oriented Layouts = 645
How to Prototype and Design Computer Outputs = 652
Step 1 :Review Output Requirements = 653
Step 2 :Decide How the Output Data Flow Will Be Implemented = 653
Step 3 :Protytype the Layout for System User = 656
Step 4 :If Necessary, Convert User-Oriented Output Layouts into Programmer-Oriented Layouts = 660
Summary = 665
Key Terms = 666
Problems and Exercises = 666
Projects and Minicases = 668
Suggested Readings = 669
17 User Interface Design = 670
Minicase :Rihards & Sons, Inc. = 671
When People Talk to Computers = 672
Display Terminals and Monitors :Features that Affect User Interface Design = 672
Human Factors for User Interface Design = 676
User Interface Strategies = 681
How to Design and Protytype a User Interface = 684
Step 1 :Chart the Dialogue = 684
Step 2 :Prototype or Simulate the Dialogue and User Interface = 690
Step 3 :If Necessary, Produce Programmer-Oriented Layout Charts = 690
Summary = 693
Key Terms = 696
Problems and Exercises = 697
Projects and Minicases = 697
Suggested Readings = 698
18 Program Design = 700
Minicase :Tower Lawn and Garden, Inc. = 701
Modular Design of Computer Programs = 702
Modular Decomposition of Programs = 703
How to Do Modular Design(a Simplified Approach) = 707
Packaging Program Specification = 713
What Does a Programmer Need in Order to Write Computer Programs? = 713
Computer-Assisted Systems Engineering(CASE) for Program Design = 717
Summary = 718
The Next Generation
Automtic Code Generators = 719
Key Terms = 720
Problems and Exercises = 720
Projects and Minicases = 720
Suggested Readings = 721
PART FOUR
Systems Implementation and Systems Support
19 Systems Implementation = 724
Minicase :Beck Electronic Supply = 725
What Is Systems Implementation? = 726
The Build and Test Networks and Databases Phases of Implementation = 726
Building Blocks for the Build and Test Networks and Databases Phase = 727
Build and Test Networks and Databases Activities, Roles, and Techniques = 728
The Build and Test Programs Phase of Systems Implementation = 729
Building Blocks for the Build and Test Programs Phase = 730
Plan for Programming Phase Activities, Roles, and Techniques = 730
The Install and Test New System Phase of System Implementation = 735
Building Blocks for the Install and Test New System Phase = 735
Install and Test New System Activities, Roles, and Techniques = 736
The Deliver the New System into Operation Phase of System Implementation = 737
Building Blocks for the Deliver the New System into Operation Phase = 737
Deliver the New System into Operation Phase Activities, Roles, and Techniques = 737
Summary = 742
Key Terms = 743
Problems and Exercises = 743
Projects and Minicases = 743
Suggested Readings = 743
20 Systems Support = 744
Minicase :Minnesota State University = 745
What Is System Support? = 746
Systems Maintenance-Correcting Errors = 748
System Maintenance Objectives and Building Blocks = 748
System Maintenance Tasks, Roles, and Techniques = 750
System Recovery-Overcoming the "Crash" = 754
End-User Assistance = 755
Systems Enhancement and Reengineering = 755
Systems Enhancement and Reengineering Objectives and Building Blocks = 755
Systems Enhancement and Reengineering Activities, Roles, and Techniques = 756
The Next Generation
Design and Analysis Recovery = 757
Summary = 761
Key Terms = 762
Problems and Exercises = 762
Projects and Minicases = 763
PART FIVE
Cross Life Cycle Activities
A Project Management = 766
Minicase :Fun & Games, Inc. = 767
What Is Project Management? = 768
Project Management Causes of Failed Projects = 768
The asic Functions of the Project Manager = 770
Project Management Tools and Techniques = 771
PERT Charts = 771
Gantt Charts = 777
Project Management Software = 780
Expectations Management = 780
People Management = 785
Summary = 786
Key Terms = 787
Problems and Exercises = 787
Projects and Minicases = 788
Suggested Readings = 789
B Fact-Finding Techniques = 790
Minicase :Connor's Fixtures, Inc. = 791
What Is Fact-Finding? = 792
What Facts Does the Systems Analyst Need to Collect and When? = 792
What Fact-Finding Methods Are Available? = 793
Sampling of Existing Documentation, Forms, and Files = 793
Collecting Facts from Existing Documentation = 793
Document and File Sampling Techniques = 794
Research and site Visits = 795
Observation of the Work Environment = 795
Collecting Facts by Observing People at Work = 796
Guidelines for Observation = 796
Questionnaires = 797
Collecting Facts by Using Questionnaires = 798
Types of Questionnaires = 798
Developing a Questionnaire = 799
Interviews = 800
Collecting Facts by Interviewing People = 800
Interview Types and Techniques = 801
How to Conduct an Interview = 801
Joint Application Design = 804
Collecting through JAD Sessions = 804
How to Conduct a JAD Session = 805
A Fact-Finding Strategy = 806
Summary = 807
Key Terms = 808
Problems and Exercises = 808
Project = 809
Suggested Readings = 809
C Feasibility Analysis = 810
Minicase :Metropolis International Airport = 811
Feasibility Analysis-a Creeping Commitment Approach = 812
Feasibility Checkpoints in the Life Cycle = 812
Four Tests for Feasibility = 815
Operational Feasibility = 816
Technical Feasibility = 817
Schedule Feasibility = 818
Economic Feasibility = 818
The Bottom Line = 818
Cost-Benefit Analysis Techniques = 819
How Much Will the System Cost? = 819
What Benefits Will the System Provide? = 821
Is the Proposed System Cost-Effective? = 822
Feasibility Analysis of Candidate Systems = 827
Candidate Systems Matrix = 828
Feasibility Comparison Matrix = 829
Summary = 830
Key Terms = 831
Problems and Exercises = 832
Suggested Readings = 833
D Interpersonal Skills = 834
Minicase :The Tower of Babel = 835
Communicating with People = 835
Four Audiences for Interpersonal Communication during Systems Projects = 836
Use of Words :Turn-Ons and Turn-Offs = 836
Electronic Mail = 837
Body Language and Proxemics = 838
Meetings = 839
Preparing for a Meeting = 839
Conducting a Meeting = 841
Following Up on a Meeting = 842
Formal Presentations = 842
Preparing for the Formal Presentation = 842
Conducting the Formal Presentation = 843
Following Up the Formal Presentation = 846
Project Walkthroughs = 846
Who Should Participate in the Walkthrough? = 846
Conducting a Walkthrough = 847
Following Up on the Walkthrough = 847
Written Reports = 847
Business and Technical Reports = 850
Length of a Wirtten Report = 851
Organizing the Written Report = 851
Writing the Business or Technical Report = 854
Summary = 854
Key Terms = 855
Problems and Exercises = 855
Projects and Minicases = 856
Suggested Readings = 856
Index = 859
