CONTENTS
Preface = xiii
Chapter 1 Introduction = 1
1.1 Vision in Man and Machine = 1
1.2 Psychophysics and Neurophysiology = 6
1.3 Computer Vision = 9
1.4 An Example of Computer Image Processing = 12
References = 17
Bibliography = 18
Books Relevant to Computer Vision = 20
Survey and Tutorial Articles = 22
Chapter 2 Computer Vision Systems = 25
2.1 Introduction = 25
2.2 Creating the Pictorial Information Source = 27
2.2.1 Radiant Sources = 28
2.2.2 Image Formation = 32
2.3 Sensors and Digitizers = 38
2.4 The Image Processor = 46
References = 53
Bibliography = 57
Chapter 3 Biological,Vision Systems = 59
3.1 Introduction = 59
3.2 The Optical System = 60
3.3 Electrooptical Receptors = 71
3.4 The Visual Pathway = 79
3.5 Signal Coding and Processing = 85
References = 96
Bibliography = 97
Chapter 4 Biological Signal Processing = 100
4.1 Introduction = 100
4.2 Receptive Fields = 101
4.3 Visual Resolving Power = 110
4.3.1 Visual Acuity = 110
4.3.2 Contrast Sensitivity = 115
4.4 Photometry = 121
4.5 A Model of the Human Visual System = 132
4.5.1 Nonlinear Coding of Input Signals = 133
4.5.2 A System Model = 141
References = 145
Bibliography = 148
Chapter 5 Edge Detection = 151
5.1 The Sex Life of a Jumping Spider = 151
5.2 Feature Detection in Animals = 153
5.3 Characteristics of Edges = 170
5.4 Parallel Scanning Methods = 176
5.4.1 Directional Differentiation = 176
5.4.2 Mask Operators = 181
5.4.3 Multichannel Methods = 188
5.4.4 Thresholding the Gradient Picture = 195
5.5 Sequential Scanning Methods = 198
References = 204
Bibliography = 209
Chapter 6 Spatial and Frequency-Domain Processing = 211
6.1 Introduction = 211
6.2 Data Interaction in Biological Systems = 213
6.2.1 Local Spatial Interaction = 213
6.2.2 Global Interaction = 225
6.3 A Biological Spectrum Analyzer? = 233
6.4 Image Coding = 251
6.4.1 From Mars to Earth = 251
6.4.2 Spatial-Domain Coding = 253
6.4.3 Transform Coding = 260
6.5 Frequency-Domain Filtering = 266
6.5.1 Introduction = 266
6.5.2 Restoration = 268
6.5.3 Enhancement = 282
6.6 Spatial-Domain Processing = 289
6.6.1 Point Operations = 289
6.6.2 Neighborhood Operations = 295
References = 300
Bibliography = 308
Chapter 7 Color = 313
7.1 Why Do Frogs Prefer Blue? = 313
7.2 Color Coding at the Cellular Level = 316
7.3 A Practical Psychological Model = 326
7.3.1 A Color Matching Model = 326
7.3.2 Color Blindness = 334
7.3.3 An Opponent Theory Model = 338
7.4 Color Description = 343
7.5 Color Processing by Computer = 354
References = 365
Bibliography = 368
Chapter 8 Organization and Aggregation = 371
8.1 Introduction = 371
8.2 Data Organization at the Cellular Level = 372
8.3 Region Analysis = 385
8.3.1 Proximity and Similarity = 385
8.3.2 Merging Regions = 390
8.3.3 Splitting Regions = 394
8.4 Competition and Cooperation = 404
References = 414
Bibliography = 419
Chapter 9 Texture = 422
9.1 Introduction = 422
9.2 Texture Analysis as Region Segmentation = 426
9.2.1 A Multichannel Model for Texture Analysis = 426
9.2.2 A Conjecture = 434
9.2.3 Attribute Aggregation = 437
9.3 Statistical Methods = 440
9.3.1 Introduction = 440
9.3.2 Texture as a Spatial Frequency = 441
9.3.3 Simple Texture Measures = 448
9.3.4 Second-Order Statistics = 453
9.4 Structural Methods = 460
References = 470
Bibliography = 478
Chapter 10 Shape = 480
10.1 A Multitude of Theories = 480
10.2 Simple Shape Features = 485
10.2.1 Along the Border = 485
10.2.2 Toads and Robots = 494
10.3 Space-Domain Techniques 504
10.3.1 "Where Is the Kidney Bean, the Tadpole?" [33] = 504
10.3.2 Shape from Projections = 518
10.4 Scalar Transform Techniques = 526
References = 532
Bibliography = 544
Appendix: Student Projects = 545
Index = 561
