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Oxyrhynchus in Egypt is the best documented city of the Roman empire. This book uses the thousands of papyrus documents found there to examine how its urban landowning class derived its wealth from the rural hinterland, and the relationships they held with their tenants.

Oxyrhynchus in Egypt is the best documented city of the Roman Empire. This book uses the thousands of papyrus documents found there to examine how its urban landowning class derived its wealth from the rural hinterland. After an introductory chapter discussing the topography and agricultural conditions of the region, the book analyses the conditions of tenure under which land was held; the social composition of landholders (who included both men and women) and the nature of their holdings; the transmission of ownership by inheritance and sale; and finally the role of short-term leasing among methods of land management. The system of land tenure, rules of inheritance, and law of sale and lease, together with social convention formed a complex web articulating the social relationships between landowners and tenants. The papyri from Oxyrhynchus, by illustrating in detail how individuals negotiated their way throug this web, provide unparalleled insight into the character of landownership in a Roman province.

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CONTENTS

List of Figures = ⅸ

Notes for the Reader : Abbreviated References, Egyptian Date, and Technical Terms = ⅹ

Maps

 1 Egypt in the Roman Period = xii

 2 The Region of the Oxyrhynchite Nome = xiii

 3 The Oxyrhynchite Nome in the Roman Period = xiv

Introduction

Chapter I : The Oxyhynchite Nome

 1. Topography and Population = 8

 2. Agricultural Conditions = 18

Chapter Ⅱ : The Land Category System and its development

 1. Introduction = 27

 2. Preliminaries : Contexts of Use = 31

 3. Categories of Public Land : The Distinction between basilike and demosia ge = 38

 4. Categories of Private Land = 41

 5. Ge ousiake and Imperial Estates = 55

 6. Sacred Land = 61

 7. In Retrospect : Changes in the Balance between Public and Private Land = 63

Chapter III : The Tenure of Public Land

 1. Introduction = 70

 2. The Taxation of Public Land

 3. Diamisthosis Security of Tenure, and the Filling of Vacant Tenancies = 80

 4. The Introduction on Private Landowners of the Obligation to Farm Public Land = 88

 5. The Holders of Public Land = 93

Chapter Ⅳ : The Landowners and Their Properties

 1. Introduction = 102

 2. Landownership and Social Hierarchy 103

 3. The Spectrum of Landholding Size : Comparative Evidence = 118

 4. The Extent of Landholding Fragmentation = 214

 5. The Composition of Landholdings = 131

Chapter V : The Inheritance 

 1. Introduction = 139

 2. Testacy and Intestacy = 142

 3. Demography and Inheritance 148

 4. Property Devolution to Females = 152

 5. Partible Inheritance and the Distribution of Landholdings = 171

Chapter VI : Private Sale and Mortgage of Land

 1. Introduction = 176

 2. The Nature of the Sources = 179 

 3. The Contents Devolution Sale Documents = 182

 4. The Sales as Evidence of Investment or Speculation in Land = 187

 5. Other Reasons for Buying and Selling Land = 192

 6. Mortgages of Agricultural Land = 198

Chapter VII : Private Agricultural and its Context

 1. Introduction : 202

 2. Land Management : Tenancy and Its Alternatives = 203

 3. The Contributions of Landlord and Tenant = 213

 4. Leases and Labour in Vineyards = 228

 5. Crops and Rents on Arable Land = 236

 6. The Duration of Tenancies = 252

 7. The Landlords and Their Social Circumstances 253

 8. Conclusion : The Social Relationship between Landlord and Tenant and its Implications = 272

Conclusion = 280

Appendices 1. Tables 1-19 = 286

Bibliography = 329

Glossary = 353

Index of Sources = 367

Index of Proper Names = 377

General Index = 380