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Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Part I: Problem Diagnosis: A General Overview of the Origins and Nature of Chemical Exposure Problems -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 Chemical Origins: Coming to Terms with the Several Chemicals in Modern Society -- 1.1.1 The Wide-Ranging Scope of Chemical Hazard Problems: A General Overview -- 1.1.2 The Wide-Ranging Scope of Chemical Hazard Problems: Lead Exposures as an Example -- 1.2 Public Health and Socio-Economic Implications of Chemical Exposure Problems -- 1.2.1 The General Nature of Human Health Effects From Chemical Exposures -- 1.3 Strategically Managing the Chemical Exposure Problem: The Need for Public Health Risk Assessment -- Chapter 2: Anatomical and Physiological Perspectives on Human Exposure to Chemicals -- 2.1 An Overview of Human Contact Sites and Target Organs Most Susceptible to Chemical Exposures -- 2.1.1 Fundamentals of Human Physiology -- 2.1.2 Target Organ Toxicity -- 2.2 The General Nature of Chemical Hazards and Human Response from Exposure to Chemical Substances -- 2.2.1 Classification of Chemical Toxicity -- 2.2.2 Factors Influencing Chemical Toxicity to Humans and Human Response to Chemical Toxicants -- Box 2.1 Factors Potentially Influencing Human Response to Toxic Chemicals -- 2.2.2.1 Distribution and Storage of Toxicants in the Human Body -- 2.2.2.2 Toxicokinetics/Pharmacokinetics vs. Toxicodynamics/Pharmacodynamics -- 2.3 The Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Chemicals in Human Exposure Environments -- 2.3.1 Elements of Toxicokinetics/Pharmacokinetics -- 2.3.2 Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Modeling -- 2.3.3 Characterization of Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Models -- 2.3.3.1 PBPK Model Structure and Mechanics/Descriptors -- 2.3.3.2 Documenting PBPK Modeling Outcomes/Results -- 2.3.4 Application/Use of Mechanistic Data and Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Models in Risk Assessments -- 2.3.5 Post-PBPK Modeling and Dosimetry Adjustments: The Pragmatic Role of Tissue/Target Organ Dosimetry in Risk Assessments -- Chapter 3: Archetypical Chemical Exposure Problems -- 3.1 Formulation of Archetypical Chemical Exposure Problems -- 3.1.1 The Case for Human Exposures to Airborne Chemical Toxicants -- 3.1.1.1 Indoor Air Quality Problems: General Sources of Indoor Volatile [Organic] Chemicals -- 3.1.1.2 Chemical Vapor Intrusion into Buildings -- 3.1.2 Water Pollution Problems and Human Exposures to Chemicals in Water as an Example -- 3.1.3 Contaminated Soil Problems and Human Exposures to Chemicals on Land -- 3.1.4 Human Exposures to Chemicals in Foods and Household/Consumer Products -- 3.2 Quantification Process for the General Types of Human Exposures to Chemical Toxicants -- Part II: A Public Health Risk Assessment Taxonomy: Nomenclatural Components, Concepts, Principles, and Evaluation Strategies -- Chapter 4: Principles and Concepts in Risk Assessment -- 4.1 Fundamental Principles of Chemical Hazard, Exposure, and Risk.
Assessments -- 4.1.1 The Nature of Chemical Hazard, Exposure, and Risk -- 4.1.1.1 Hazard Vs. Risk: Portraying the Nomenclatural Differences -- 4.1.2 Basis for Measuring Risks -- Box 4.1 Typical/Common Measures, Parameters, and/or Tools That Form the Basis for Risk Qualification or Quantification -- 4.1.3 What Is Risk Assessment? -- 4.1.4 The Nature of Risk Assessments -- 4.1.5 Recognition of Uncertainty as an Integral Component of Risk Assessments -- 4.1.6 Risk Assessment Versus Risk Management: The Dichotomy Between Risk Assessment and Risk Management -- 4.2 Fundamental Concepts in Risk Assessment Practice -- 4.2.1 Qualitative Versus Quantitative Risk Assessment -- 4.2.1.1 Risk Categorization -- 4.2.2 Conservatisms in Risk Assessments -- 4.2.3 Individual Versus Group Risks -- 4.2.4 Consideration of Risk Perception Issues -- Box 4.2 Key Factors Affecting the `Tolerability´ of Risk by Individuals and Society -- 4.2.5 Deterministic Versus Probabilistic Risk Assessments -- 4.3 Risk Acceptability and Risk Tolerance Principles: de Minimis Versus de Manifestis Risk Criteria -- 4.3.1 The de Minimis or `Acceptable´ Risk -- 4.3.2 The `Safety Paradigm´ in Public Health Risk Assessment: `The Dose Makes the Poison´-So, What Dose Is Safe Enough? -- 4.4 Risk Assessment Implementation Strategy -- Chapter 5: Attributes of a Public Health Risk Assessment -- 5.1 General Attributes of Risk Assessment -- 5.1.1 The Purpose -- Box 5.1 An Annotation of Typical General Objectives of a Risk Assessment -- 5.1.2 The Attributes -- 5.2 Diagnostic and Investigative Attributes of Risk Assessment -- 5.2.1 Baseline Risk Assessments -- 5.2.2 Comparative Risk Assessments -- 5.2.3 Public Health Risk Assessments -- 5.2.3.1 Conducting an Exposure Investigation -- 5.2.4 Biomonitoring and the Utility of Exposure Biomarkers -- 5.2.4.1 Methods of Measurement -- 5.2.5 The Role of Epidemiology in Public/Human Health Risk Assessments -- 5.3 Risk Assessment as an Holistic Tool for Environmental and Public Health Management -- Chapter 6: General Basic Planning Considerations for a Chemical Exposure Characterization Activity -- 6.1 Conceptualization of Chemical Exposure Problems -- 6.1.1 Elements of a Conceptual Exposure Model -- 6.1.2 Design of Conceptual Exposure Models and the Development of Exposure Scenarios -- 6.1.2.1 Development of Exposure Scenarios: Integrating Contaminant Sources with Exposure Pathways and Receptors -- 6.2 Fate and Behavior Appraisal for Chemicals of Potential Public Health Concern in Human Environments -- 6.2.1 Important Characteristics, Properties and Parameters Affecting the Destiny of Chemical Substances in Human Environments -- 6.2.2 Modeling Chemical Fate and Behavior in Human Environments -- 6.2.2.1 Model Selection -- 6.2.3 Application of Mathematical Models -- 6.2.3.1 Scope of Application of Chemical Fate and Behavior Modeling for Exposure Analyses -- 6.2.3.2 Illustrative Example Application Scenarios for Simple Mathematical Models: The Case of Air Dispersio.
n Modeling for Env... -- 6.3 The Chemical Exposure Characterization Process: General Framework for Project/Field Data Collection -- Box 6.1 General elements of a typical environmental or chemical exposure investigation/characterization work-plan -- 6.3.1 The Sampling and Analysis Plan -- Box 6.2 Checklist for developing sampling and analysis protocols -- 6.3.1.1 Purpose of the Sampling and Analysis Program -- Box 6.3 Sampling plan checklist -- 6.3.1.2 Elements of a Sampling and Analysis Plan: Sampling Requirements and Considerations -- Box 6.4 Elements of a sampling plan -- 6.3.1.3 Sampling Protocols -- Box 6.5 Minimum requirements for documenting environmental sampling -- 6.3.1.4 Laboratory Analytical Protocols -- Box 6.6 Minimum requirements for documenting laboratory work -- 6.3.2 The Health and Safety Plan -- 6.3.2.1 Purpose and Scope of a Health and Safety Plan -- 6.3.3 The Investigation-Generated/Derived Waste Management Plan -- 6.3.4 The Quality Assurance and Quality Control Plan -- 6.4 General Basic Requirements for Assessing Public Health Risks Arising from Exposure to Chemicals in the Human Environment -- Box 6.7 Major issues important to making cost-effective public health risk management decisions for chemical exposure problems -- Part III: A Risk Assessment Framework and Paradigm for Chemical Exposure Problems -- Chapter 7: Principal Elements of a Public Health Risk Assessment for Chemical Exposure Problems -- 7.1 Characterization of Chemical Exposure Problems -- 7.1.1 Factors Affecting Exposure Characterization -- 7.2 The Risk Assessment Process -- 7.2.1 Hazard Identification and Accounting -- 7.2.2 Exposure-Response Evaluation -- 7.2.3 Exposure Assessment and Analysis -- 7.2.4 Risk Characterization and Consequence Determination -- 7.3 General Considerations in Public Health Risk Assessments -- 7.3.1 Determining Exposure-Related Health Effects -- 7.3.2 Evaluating Factors That Influence Adverse Health Outcome -- 7.3.2.1 Public Health Implications of Supplemental Medical and Toxicological Factors -- Box 7.1 Typical medical and toxicological factors affecting public health outcomes -- 7.3.2.2 Health Implications for Sensitive Sub-populations -- 7.3.2.3 Health Implications of Past and Future Exposures -- 7.3.2.4 Health Implications of Corrective Actions and Interventions -- 7.4 Human Health Risk Assessment in Practice -- Box 7.2 Illustrative basic outline for a public health risk assessment report -- Chapter 8: Chemical Hazard Determination -- 8.1 Chemical Hazard Identification: Sources of Chemical Hazards -- Box 8.1 Examples of major sources of chemical hazards potentially resulting in public health problems -- 8.2 Data Collection and Evaluation Considerations -- 8.2.1 Data Collection and Analysis Strategies -- 8.2.2 Reporting of `Censored´ Laboratory Data -- 8.2.2.1 Derivation and Use of `Proxy´ Concentrations -- 8.3 Statistical Evaluation of Chemical Sampling/Concentration Data -- Box 8.2 Typical important considerations in the scree.