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The global outbreak of Covid-19 appears to be unprecedented in a world which has not suffered a serious pandemic for a century, while society had almost forgotten the enormous impact of highly infectious diseases throughout history. Pestilence, however, has played a major role in ending the Golden Age of Athens, wrecking Justinian's plans to restore the Roman Empire to its former glory, and killing untold millions in Latin America after the Spanish invasion. Despite its importance, historians have tended to minimise the role of infectious disease, partly because of a lack of scientific knowledge. This has resulted in a distorted view both of the past and of the danger of disease to modern society. In Armies of Pestilence, R.S. Bray, a distinguished biologist and an able historian, corrects this view with an exploration of the influence of disease on history. The book surveys the principal epidemics around the world and across the centuries, including scholarly discussion around those which cannot be certainly identified. In each case, Bray examines the origins of the outbreaks, as well as the symptoms, the mortality rate and the social and economic turmoil left in their wake. Bray pays special attention to the infamous organism that caused the Black Death, Yersina pestis, as well as other grimly familiar bogey-men of pestilential history including malaria, smallpox, typhus, cholera and influenza, and AIDS. Government responses to outbreaks are assessed, and the inability of governments to deal effectively with disease is a recurring theme. The relationship between disease and war, with the former often responsible for more deaths than the latter, is also considered in detail, as was the case during the last great influenza pandemic of 1918-19, at the end of the First World War

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List of Maps
Acknowledgements
Preface
Introduction

1. Early Civilisations
2. Rome
3. Plague - Justinian''s Plague (part 1)
4. Plague - Justinian''s Plague (part 2)
5. Plague - Justinian''s Plague (part 3)
6. Plague - The Black Death (part 1)
7. Plague - The Black Death (part 2)
8. Plague - The Black Death (part 3)
9. Plague - The Bombay Plague
10. Malaria (part 1)
11. Malaria (part 2)
12. Malaria (part 3)
13. Yellow Fever
14. Smallpox (part 1)
15. Smallpox (part 2)
16. Smallpox (part 3)
17. Typhus (part 1)
18. Typhus (part 2)
19. Cholera (part 1)
20. Cholera (part 2)
21. Cholera (part 3)
22. Cholera (part 4)
23. Influenza (part 1)
24. Influenza (part 2)

Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
Index