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In Architecture in Translation, Esra Akcan offers a way to understand the global circulation of culture that extends the notion of translation beyond language to visual fields. She shows how members of the ruling Kemalist elite in Turkey further aligned themselves with Europe by choosing German-speaking architects to oversee much of the design of modern cities. Focusing on the period from the 1920s through the 1950s, Akcan traces the geographical circulation of modern residential models, including the garden city--which emphasized green spaces separating low-density neighborhoods of houses surrounded by gardens--and mass housing built first for the working-class residents in industrial cities and, later, more broadly for mixed-income residents. She shows how the concept of translation--the process of change that occurs with transportation of people, ideas, technology, information, and images from one or more countries to another--allows for consideration of the sociopolitical context and agency of all parties in cultural exchanges. Moving beyond the indistinct concepts of hybrid and transculturation and avoiding passive metaphors such as import, influence, or transfer, translation offers a new approach relevant to many disciplines. Akcan advocates a commitment to a new culture of translatability from below for a truly cosmopolitan ethics in a globalizing world.

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Acknowledgments ix

Introduction. Modernity in Translation 1

Translation beyond Language 6

The Theoretical Possibility or Impossibility of Translation 9

Appropriating and Foreignizing Translations 15

The Historical Unevenness of Translation 17

The Ubiquity of Hybrids and the Scarcity of Cosmopolitan Ethics 21

1. Modernism From Above: A Conviction about Its Own Translatability 27

New City: Traveling Garden City 30

New House: Representative Affinities 52

New Housing: The Ideal Life 76

From Ankara to the Whole Nation: Translatability from Above and Below 93

2. Melancholy in Translation 101

The Melancholy of Istanbul 107

A Journey to the West 119

The Birth of the "Modern Turkish House" 133

3. Siedlung in Subaltern Exile 145

Siedlung and the Metropolis 148

Siedlung and the Generic Rational Dwelling 175

Siedlung and the Subaltern 195

4. Convictions about Untranslatability 215

Untranslatable Culture and Translatable Civilization 215

"The Original" 218

Against Translation? The National House and Siedlung 233

5. Toward a Cosmopolitan Architecture 247

Ex Oriente Lux 249

Melancholy of the East 252

Weltarchitektur-Translation of a Treatise 263

Toward Another Cosmopolitan Ethics in Architecture 277

Epilogue 283

Notes 291

Bibliography 337

Sources of Illustrations 375

Index 383