CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION = xv
1. PROBLEMS IN THE STUDY OF INTERNATIONAL POLITICS = 1
Basic Problems in the Acquitision of Knowledgy = 2
Types of Analysis = 2
Scientific Method as an approach to Knowledge = 7
Problems Specific to International Politics = 12
Difficulties in Developing Concepts and Theories = 13
Difficulties in Testing Theories and Derived Propositions = 15
The Plan of the Book = 18
Summary Outline = 21
Bibliographical Essay = 22
Part One. THE ACTORS = 25
2. FOREIGN POLICY DECISION MAKING BEHAVIOR = 28
The Nature of Foreign Policy = 28
The Foreign Policy Decision Maker as a Rational Problem solver = 32
Decision Makinng as an Intellectual Task = 33
Foreign Policy Decision Making as an Intellectual Task = 34
Psychological Factors in Foreign Policy Decision Making = 37
Defining the Situation = 37
Selecting Goals = 42
Searching for Alternatives = 43
Choosing Alternatives = 45
Organizational Factors in Foreign Policy Decision Making = 48
Defining the Stituation = 48
Selecting Goals = 50
Searching for Alternatives = 51
Choosing Alternatives = 52
Summary = 54
Summary Outline = 56
Bibliographical Essay = 58
3. DOMESTIC POLITICS AND THE MAKING OF FOREIGN POLICY = 62
The Nature of the Policy Influence System = 65
A Brief Historical Overview = 66
The Structure of Contemporary Policy Influence Systems = 69
Bureaucratic Influencers = 70
Partisan Influencers = 72
Interest Influencers = 74
Mass Influencers = 76
Processes in Contemporary Policy Influence Systems = 78
The Images of Policy Influencers = 78
Issue Areas for Policy Influencers = 81
Summary = 86
Summary Outline = 88
Bibliopraphical Essay = 90
4. ECONOMIC AND MILITARY FACTORS IN FOREIGN POLICY MAKING : DIMENSIONS AND TOOLS = 93
Historical Development of Economic and Military Conditions = 93
Dimensions of Economic Capability = 98
Capacity to Produce Goods and Services = 98
Dependence on International Trade and Finance = 103
Dimensions of Military Capability = 106
Capacity to Use Military Force = 106
Degree of Dependence on Froeign Sources = 108
Internal Instability and Military Capability = 110
Economic and Military Factors as Tools of Foreign Policy = 111
Two Underdeveloped States = 113
Two Developed States = 114
UNderdeveloped versus Developed States = 115
The Soviet Union and the United States = 117
The Two superpowers and the Developed States = 118
Summary = 119
Summary Outline = 121
Bibliographical Essay = 123
5. DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF FOREIGN POLICY : PATTERNS AND DETERMINANTS = 125
Classifying Foreign Policy Activities = 126
Two Traditional Classifications = 128
Two Contemporary classifications = 131
Three suggested Classifications = 133
Determinants of Foreign Policy = 140
The International Context = 140
The Decision Maker = 143
Domestic Politics = 145
Economic and Military Conditions = 147
Relating Foreign Policy Patterns to Determinants = 150
Applying the Framework to Case Studies = 150
Some Theoretical Questions Applied to Two Cases = 151
Developing Crossnational Assumptions about Foreign Policy = 152
Summary Outline = 154
Bibliographical Essay = 156
6. INTERGOVERNMANTAL ORGANIZATIONS AS ACTORS = 161
Transnational Organizations = 162
Types of Intergovernmental Organizations = 164
Decision Making in Intergovernmental Organizations = 166
Policy Influencer Dominance = 168
Decision Maker Dominance = 171
Pluralized Decision Making = 173
Summary = 175
Summary Outline = 178
Bibliographical Essay = 179
Part Two. INTERNATIONAL INTERACTIONS = 183
7. THE SETTING FOR INTERNATIONAL INTERACTIONS = 185
The Ecological Setting = 186
The Flow of Ideas = 189
The Flow of People = 192
The International Economy = 194
The Trade Market = 195
The Capital Market = 196
The Currency Flow = 197
Economy As a Setting for International Interactions = 200
International Law = 202
International Legislation = 203
International Adjudication = 204
International Law Enforcement = 206
Law As a Setting for International Interactions = 207
Summary = 208
Summary Outline = 208
Bibliographical Essay = 210
8. ROUTINE OFFICIAL INTERACTIONS AMONG STATES = 213
The Role of Law = 216
The Role of The Diplomatic Mission = 218
Gathering Information = 218
Administering Claims and Requests = 220
The Diplomatic Mission As a Routine Instrument of Foreign Policy = 222
Varieties of Routine Interactions = 225
Summary = 228
Summary Outline = 229
Bibliographical Essay = 231
9. SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, AND POLITICAL PROBLEM SOLVING AMONG STATES = 232
Origins of Collective Problem Solving = 233
Patterns of International Cooperation = 236
The Scope of Current International Cooperation = 242
Cooperation in the Social Field = 242
Cooperation in the Economic Field = 244
Cooperation in the Political Field = 245
Summary of the Scope of International Problem Solving Activities = 249
The Role of Politics in Collective Problem Solving = 250
Summary = 252
Summary Outline = 253
Bibliographical Essay = 255
10. COMPETITIVE BARGAINING AMONG STATES = 257
Some General Attributes of Bargaining in Domestic Societies = 258
The Setting for the International Bargaining Process = 262
Dynamics of Bargaining Tactics = 269
Arguments = 270
Promises = 272
Threats = 275
Use of Force = 281
Bargaining Patterns = 285
Summary = 287
Summary Outline = 288
Bibliographical Essay = 291
Part Three. THE INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL SYSTEM = 295
11. MAINTAINING THE INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL SYSTEM = 298
Maintaing the Classical System = 299
Maintaining the Transitional System = 304
Maintaining the Contemporary System = 310
Relationship of the Superpowers to Each Other = 315
Conditions in the International Political System = 320
Summary = 324
Summary Outline = 325
Bibliographical Essay = 328
12. TRENDS IN THE INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL SYSTEM = 331
Trends in the International Bargaining Process = 332
Regionalization = 332
Fragmentation of Issue Areas = 335
Trends in the Use of Force = 338
Integration and the Structure and Process of the International Political System = 343
Trends for the Future = 351
Summary = 356
Summary Outline = 356
Bibliographical Essay = 359
BIBLIOGRAPHY = 361
INDEX = 383
