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How do people react to the visual character of their surroundings? What can planners do to improve the aesthetic quality of these surroundings? Too often in environmental design, visual quality--aesthetics--is misunderstood as only a minor concern, dependent on volatile taste and thus undefinable. Yet a substantial body of research indicates the importance of visual quality in the environment to the public and has uncovered systematic patterns of human response to visual attributes of the built environment. Efforts to understand environmental aesthetics have been undertaken by investigators from such diverse fields as landscape architecture, environmental psychology, geography, philosophy, architecture, and city planning. As a result the relevant information is scattered and not readily available to professionals and policy makers. The book brings together classic and new contributions by distinguished workers in different disciplines. It explores theory and data on preferences in the visual environment, and also addresses the practical application of aesthetic criteria in design, planning and public policy. Promising directions for future research are identified.

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CONTENTS
List of figures = xi
List of tables = xv
List of contributors and participants = xvii
Acknowledgments = xix
Preface = xxi
Section Ⅰ. Theory Editor's introduction = 3
 1 Behavioral and perceptual aspects of the aesthetics of urban environments / Tom V Heath = 6
 2 Symbolic aesthetics in architecture toward a research agenda / Jon Lang = 11
 3 Prospects and refuges revisited Jay Appleton = 27
 4 Perception and landscape: conceptions and misconceptions / Stephen Kaplan = 45
 5 Where cognition and affect meet: a theoretical analysis of preference / Stephen Kaplan = 56
 6 The landscape of social symbols / Barrie B. Greenbie = 64
 7 Open space in cities: in search of a new aesthetic / Werner Nohl = 74
 8 Aesthetic perception in environmental design / Arnold Berleant = 84
Section Ⅱ. Empirical studies  Editor's introduction = 101
 A. Methodological comments Editor's introduction = 107
  9 The assessment of landscape quality: an integrative approach / D. Mark Fenton ; Joseph P. Reser = 108
  10 Affective appraisals of environments / James A. Russell = 120
 B. Architectural interiors Editor's introduction = 133
  11 The influence of a beautiful versus an ugly room on ratings of photographs of Human faces: a replication of Maslow and Mintz / Richard M. Locasso = 134
  12 The development of a usable lexicon of environmental descriptors / Joyce Vielhauer Kasmar = 144
  13 Lighting-design decisions its interventions in human visual space / John E. Flynn = 156
 C. Architectural exteriors Editor's introduction = 173
  14 A study of meaning and architecture / Robert G, Hershberger = 175
  15 Predicting user responses to buildings / Robert C. Hershberger ; Robert C. Cass = 195
  16 Dimensions in the perception of architecture: identification and interpretation of dimensions of similarity / Anke Oostendorp ; Daniel E. Berlyne = 212
  17 Contextual compatibility in architecture: an issue of personal taste? / Linda N. Grow = 228
 D. Urban scenes Editor's introduction = 257
  18 Visual preferences in urban street scenes: a cross-cultural comparison between Japan and the United States / Jack L. Nasar = 260
  19 Perception and evaluation of residential street scenes / Jack L. Nasar = 275
  20 Planning concerns relating to urban nature settings: the role of size and other physical features / Janet F. Talbot = 290
  21 The effect of sign complexity and coherence on the perceived quality of retail scenes / Jack L. Nasar = 300
 E. Natural and rural scenes Editor's introduction = 323
  22 Dimensions of meaning in the perception of' natural settings and their relationship to aesthetic response / D. Mark Fenton = 327
  23 A cognitive analysis of' preference for field-and-forest environments / Thomas R. Herzog = 343
  24 The emotional quality of scenes and observation points-. a look at prospect and refuge / Jack L. Nasar. David Julian ; Sarah Buchman ; David Humphreys ; Marlanne Mrohaly = 357
  25 Aesthetic preference for rural landscapes: some resident and visitor differences / Brian Orland = 364
  26 Familiarity and preference: a cross-cuitural analysis Rachel Kaplan and Eugene / J. Herbert = 379
Section Ⅲ. Applications Editor's introduction = 393
 27 Visual needs in urban environments and physical planning / Eduardo E. Lozano = 395
 28 A survey of aesthetic controls in English-speaking countries Wolfgang / F. E. Preiser ; Kevin P. Rohane = 422
 29 Scenic-beauty issues in public policy making / Mollie Ridout = 434
 30 Coping with aesthetics and community design in rural communities / Fred A. Hurand = 449
 31 Toward theory generation in landscape aesthetics / Fahriye Hazer Sancar = 459
 32 Aesthetic regulation and the courts / Kenneth T. Pearlman = 476
References = 493
Index of authors = 519
Subject index = 525