CONTENTS
DETAILED CONTENTS = ⅶ
CHRONOLOGIES AND GENEALOGIES = xxii
MAPS AND GRAPHS = xxiii
PREFACE = xxv
SUPPLEMENTS = xxvii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS = xxviii
ABOUT THE AUTHORS = xxx
A NOTE ON THE SPELLING OF ASIAN NAMES AND WORDS = xxxii
ATLAS = xxxii
PROLOGUE HISTORY AND HUMAN BEGINNINGS = 1
PART ONE THE PEOPLES AND CULTURES OF ANTIQUITY = 15
CHAPTER 1 THE SOCIETIES OF WESTERN ASIA AND EGYPT = 17
CHAPTER 2 ANCIENT INDIA = 46
The Visual Experience : Art of Ancient India and China = 64
CHAPTER 3 THE FORMATION OF CHINA = 68
CHAPTER 4 EARLY AND CLASSICAL GREECE = 89
CHAPTER 5 THE GREEK ACHIEVEMENT AND THE HELLENISTIC WORLD = 113
CHAPTER 6 THE ROMANS = 139
CHAPTER 7 THE ANCIENT WORLD RELIGIONS = 168
PART TWO THE MIDDLE AGES = 195
CHAPTER 8 BYZANTIUM AND ISLAM = 197
Global Essay : Writing and Communication(Ⅰ) = 222
The Visual Experience : Byzantine and Islamic Art = 224
CHAPTER 9 THE CIVILIZATIONS OF EARLY AFRICA = 227
CHAPTER 10 THE AMERICAS TO 1500 = 249
The Visual Experience : Art of Early Africa and the Americas = 256
CHAPTER 11 MEDIEVAL INDIA AND SOUTHEAST ASIA = 273
CHAPTER 12 A GOLDEN AGE IN EAST ASIA = 295
CHAPTER 13 THE RISE OF EUROPE = 320
CHAPTER 14 LIFE AND CULTURE IN MEDIEVAL EUROPE = 348
Global Essay : Death and the Human Experience(Ⅰ) = 372
CHAPTER 15 CRISIS AND RECOVERY IN EUROPE = 377
CHAPTER 16 NEW HORIZONS : THE EUROPEAN RENAISSANCE = 403
Global Essay : The Human Image(Ⅰ) = 427
The Visual Experience : Art of the Renaissance = 416
PART THREE THE EARLY MODERN WORLD = 435
CHAPTER 17 THE REFORMATION = 437
CHAPTER 18 THE AGE OF GLOBAL ENCOUNTERS = 464
Global Essay : Maps and Their Makers(Ⅰ) = 490
CHAPTER 19 STATE-BUILDING AND REVOLUTION = 495
CHAPTER 20 ISLAMIC EMPIRES IN THE EARLY MODERN WORLD = 520
CHAPTER 21 THE TRANSFORMATION OF AFRICA, 1400 - 1800 = 545
CHAPTER 22 IMPERIAL REVIVAL IN CHINA = 569
CHAPTER 23 THE SOCIETIES OF THE EARLY MODERN WORLD = 592
CHAPTER 24 THE AGE OF ABSOLUTISM = 616
CHAPTER 25 EUROPE'S CENTURY OF GENIUS = 638
PART FOUR TOWARD THE MODERN WORLD = 659
CHAPTER 26 EUROPE, AFRICA, AND THE AMERICAS = 661
CHAPTER 27 THE ENLIGHTENMENT = 685
CHAPTER 28 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEON = 710
Global Essay : Death and the Human Experience(Ⅱ) = 737
CHAPTER 29 EARLY MODERN INDIA AND IRAN = 743
CHAPTER 30 MANCHU CHINA AND TOKUGAWA JAPAN = 765
The Visual Experience : Art of Asia from the Sixteenth to the Nineteenth Century = 768
CHAPTER 31 THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION = 788
CHAPTER 32 THE AGE OF IDEOLOGY = 814
The Visual Experience : Romantic and Neoclassical Art = 832
CHAPTER 33 THE TRIUMPH OF NATIONALISM = 839
CHAPTER 34 INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY AND THE LIBERAL ORDER = 865
Global Essay : Writing and Communication(Ⅱ) = 891
CHAPTER 35 THE AGE OF WESTERN DOMINATION = 897
The Visual Experience : Art of Modern Asia and Africa = 896
PART FIVE THE TWENTIETH CENTURY = 927
CHAPTER 36 CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND THE GREAT WAR = 929
Global Essay : The Human Image(Ⅱ) = 956
CHAPTER 37 UPHEAVAL IN EURASIA AND THE MIDDLE EAST = 962
CHAPTER 38 TOTALITARIANISM AND THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRACY = 990
CHAPTER 39 FROM THE SECOND WORLD WAR TO THE COLD WAR = 1020
CHAPTER 40 REVIVAL AND REVOLUTION IN EAST ASIA = 1055
CHAPTER 41 NATIONALISM AND REVOLUTION : INDIA, PAKISTAN, IRAN, AND THE MIDDLE EAST = 1081
CHAPTER 42 DECOLONIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT : AFRICA AND LATIN AMERICA = 1110
Global Essay : Maps and Their Makers(Ⅱ) = 1142
CHAPTER 43 THE CONTEMPORARY AGE = 1147
The Visual Experience : Art of the Modern Western World = 1152
EPILOGUE CIVILIZATION AND THE DILEMMA OF PROGRESS = 1166
CREDITS = C-1
INDEX = Ⅰ-1
CHRONOLOGIES AND GENEALOGIES = xxii
MAPS AND GRAPHS = xxiii
PREFACE = xxv
SUPPLEMENTS = xxvii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS = xxviii
ABOUT THE AUTHORS = xxx
A NOTE ON THE SPELLING OF ASIAN NAMES AND WORDS = xxxii
ATLAS = xxxii
PROLOGUE HISTORY AND HUMAN BEGINNINGS = 1
History and the Historian = 2
Fields of History = 2
Sources and Their Interpretation = 3
Time = 4
The Origins of Humanity = 5
Agricultural and Social Developments in the Neolithic Age = 7
The Coming of Civilization = 10
PART ONE THE PEOPLES AND CULTURES OF ANTIQUITY = 15
CHAPTER 1 THE SOCIETIES OF WESTERN ASIA AND EGYPT = 17
Life Between the Rivers : The City Dwellers of Mesopotamia = 18
Sumer = 18
Urban Life in Sumer : Ur = 18
Mesopotamian Religion = 20
Akkadian and Babylonian Culture = 20
Hammurabi, "King of Justice" = 22
The Beginnings of Egyptian Civilization = 23
Unification : The Age of the Pyramids = 24
Gods and Priests : Traditional Egyptian Religion = 24
Egypt in the Middle Kingdom : Consolidation, Expansion, and Decline = 27
The New Kingdom : Imperial Conquest and Religious Reform = 28
Nefertiti, "Lady of the Two Lands" = 29
The Waning Empire = 31
Egyptian Society = 32
The Legacy of Egyptian Culture = 33
The Hebrews = 33
The Kingdom of Israel = 34
The Society of Ancient Israel = 35
The Kingdom Divided = 36
The Hittites = 37
Hittite Society and Religion = 37
The End of the Hittite Empire = 38
The Assyrians and the Urartians = 39
The Rise of Persia = 42
Life and Government in the Persian Empire = 43
Persian Capitals : Susa and Persepolis = 43
DOCUMENTS
A Mesopotamian Account of Creation = 21
The Technique of Mummification = 27
Aton, the One God = 30
Hittite Laws = 38
CHAPTER 2 ANCIENT INDIA = 46
Origins of Civilization in India = 47
The Indus Civilization = 48
Relations with Sumer = 48
The Cities of the Indus = 50
Decline and Fall = 51
The Aryans = 52
Aryan Domination = 52
Vedic Culture = 53
The Rise of Empire : Mauryan India = 53
Alexander the Great and the Greek Impact on India = 54
The Mauryan Conquest = 55
Pataliputra and the Glory of Mauryan India = 56
The Emperor Ashoka, "Beloved of the Gods" = 56
Kushans and Greeks = 58
Southern India = 60
The City of Madurai = 60
Ceylon = 60
The Guptas and the Empire of Harsha = 62
Life and Culture in the Guptan Period = 62
The Collapse of Gupta Rule = 62
Women in Ancient India = 64
The Indian Heritage = 65
DOCUMENTS
Advice to Indian Princes = 55
Ashoka's Goals = 57
The Port of Puhar = 63
Virtues of an Indian Wife = 65
THE VISUAL EXPERIENCE : Art of Ancient India and China = 64
CHAPTER 3 THE FORMATION OF CHINA = 68
The Origins of China = 69
The Shang Dynasty = 70
The Chou Dynasty = 71
Warring States = 72
Confucius the Sage = 74
The Ch'in Conquest = 75
Ch'in Authoritarianism = 77
The Han Dynasty = 79
Expansion Under Wu Ti = 79
China and Rome = 81
Wider Trade Patterns = 82
Han Culture = 82
The Collapse of the Han Order = 84
Cities in Ancient China = 85
The Han Legacy = 86
DOCUMENTS
Reflections on Social Reform = 75
The Path of the Sage = 76
The Perils of Mindless Traditionalism = 78
The Fall of the Han = 85
CHAPTER 4 EARLY AND CLASSICAL GREECE = 89
Neolithic Greece = 89
The Minoans = 89
The Mycenaeans = 91
The Homeric Epics and the Dark Age = 92
Greece and the Mediterranean = 93
Sappho and the Poetry of Love = 96
The Growth of the Polis = 97
Athens and the Birth of Democracy = 99
The Persian Wars = 100
Athens in the Age of Pericles : Democracy and Imperialism = 102
Life in Periclean Athens = 103
Women in Classical Athens = 105
Slaves and Metics = 106
The Spartan Ideal = 107
The Peloponnesian War = 109
A Generation of War = 110
DOCUMENTS
Homer's World = 93
Sappho's Poetry = 97
Solon on Injustice = 100
Pericles on the Government of Athens = 104
A Critical View of the Athenians = 105
Spartan Bravery = 108
CHAPTER 5 THE GREEK ACHIEVEMENT AND THE HELLENISTIC WORLD = 113
The Visual Arts : In Search of the Human Ideal = 114
The Athenian Acropolis = 115
Late Classical Art = 117
Tragic Drama and the Meaning of Existence = 117
The Greeks and the Physical World = 120
The Ionian School = 120
Philosophy in the Fifth Century B.C = 121
Socrates = 121
Plato = 122
Aristotle = 123
The Rise of Macedon = 124
The Conquests of Alexander the Great = 124
The Hellenistic Kingdoms and the Cosmopolitan World = 126
The Ptolemies and the Seleucids = 127
Macedon and the Hellenistic Greeks = 128
Pergamum and Bactria = 128
Changing Economic Patterns = 129
Alexandria : Capital of the Ptolemies = 131
Hellenistic Science and Religion = 132
Archimedes of Syracuse : Practical Science in the Ancient World = 132
Health and Medicine = 133
Ruler Cults and Mystery Religions = 133
The Changing Status of Women = 135
Hellenistic Philosophy = 137
DOCUMENTS
Human Destiny : A Greek View = 119
Platonic Love = 122
A Call to Arms = 125
Greek Medicine = 134
Hellenistic = 136
CHAPTER 6 THE ROMANS = 139
Italy Before Rome = 140
The Etruscans = 140
Early Rome = 141
From Monarchy to Republic = 141
The Republic : Conflict and Accommodation = 141
The Unification of Italy and the Conquest of the Mediterranean = 142
The Punic Wars = 142
Conquests in the East = 143
The Crisis of the Republic = 144
The Gracchi = 145
Cornelia and the World of the Gracchi = 147
Marius, Sulla, and the Rebellion of Spartacus = 147
Julius Caesar = 148
The End of the Republic = 149
Augustus and the Pax Romana = 150
Social Legislation = 152
Augustan Literature and Art = 152
The Julio-Claudians = 153
The Flavians and the "Good" Emperors = 154
Life in the Roman Capital : Imperial Pomp and Urban Squalor = 154
Life in the Provinces and on the Frontier = 156
Provincial Life in Southern Europe, North Africa, and Asia = 157
Pompeii : Life in an Provincial Town = 157
Provincial Life in the North = 158
Women in Roman Society = 158
The Roman Achievement = 159
Roman Law and the Ideal of Justice = 161
The Empire in Crisis = 162
The Severi = 162
The Germanic Invasions = 162
The Reforms of Diocletian = 163
Constantine : The Last Renewal = 164
The Twilight of Rome = 165
Rome in Perspective = 165
DOCUMENTS
Hannibal : A Roman View = 146
Life in Imperial Rome = 155
Cicero on His Daughter's Death = 160
The Christian Empire = 166
CHAPTER 7 THE ANCIENT WORLD RELIGIONS = 168
Hinduism = 169
Hindu Beliefs and Writings = 169
Reincarnation = 170
Buddhism = 171
Gautama Buddha, the Enlightened One = 172
Hinayana and Mahayana Buddhism = 173
Confucianism = 175
Confucius and Mencius = 175
The Confucian View = 176
Taoism = 176
Asian Religions : Some Reflections = 178
Zoroastrianism and Mithraism = 179
Zoroastrian Beliefs = 179
Mithraism = 180
Judaism = 181
The Covenant at Sinai and the Torah = 181
The Prophets = 182
Jerusalem : The Holy City = 183
The Talmud = 184
Christianity = 185
Paul and the Expansion of Christianity = 186
The Church and the Roman Empire = 189
The Early Church and Heresy = 189
Monasticism = 190
The Papacy = 190
Augustine = 191
Women in the Ancient World Religions = 191
DOCUMENTS
Creation : Hindu Views = 170
Buddhist Teachings = 173
Sayings of Confucius = 177
A Prophet Calls for Social Reform = 183
The Sermon on the Mount = 187
PART TWO THE MIDDLE AGES = 195
CHAPTER 8 BYZANTIUM AND ISLAM = 197
Byzantium = 198
Historical Background = 198
The Age of Justinian = 198
Theodora : From Actress to Empress = 200
Byzantine Economy and Society = 201
Economic Patterns = 202
Merchants, Artisans, and the Aristocracy = 202
Women in the Byzantine Empire = 203
Constantinople, Jewel of the Bosporus = 205
Byzantine Christianity and Culture = 206
Religious Controversy = 207
Religion and Culture = 207
Islam and the Arabs = 208
Muhammad and Islam = 209
Sunnis, Shi'ites, and Sufis = 210
The Umayyads at Damascus = 311
The Abbasids = 213
Islamic Civilization = 214
Economic Life = 214
Islamic Society = 215
Muslim Women = 216
The Muslim Synthesis in Medicine, Science, and Philosophy = 217
Islamic Literature = 219
DOCUMENTS
Theodora : A Hostile View = 201
Reform at the Imperial Court : Anna Dalassena = 204
In Defense of Icons = 208
Sufi Mysticism = 212
Muhammad's Teaching about Women = 217
Global Essay : Writing and Communication(Ⅰ) = 222
THE VISUAL EXPERIENCE : Byzantine and Islamic Art = 224
CHAPTER 9 THE CIVILIZATIONS OF EARLY AFRICA = 227
Early Africa = 227
The African Land = 227
Agriculture and Ironworking = 228
Early African Society and Culture = 229
The Ancient States of the Eastern Sudan = 230
The Kingdom of Kush = 231
Axum, the Christian Kingdom = 232
Trading Patterns, Slavery, and Urban Development = 234
The States of the Western and Central Sudan = 238
The Kingdom of Ghana = 238
The Empire of Mali = 239
Mansa Musa, Caliph of "the Western Parts" = 241
The Guinea Coast : The Yoruba and Benin = 242
Central Africa = 243
The City-States of East Africa = 245
Southern Africa = 246
Great Zimbabwe : Capital of South Africa's First State? = 246
DOCUMENTS
Christianity in Africa = 235
The Trans-Saharan Crossing = 236
Slave Raids and their Victims = 238
Journey to Mali = 241
CHAPTER 10 THE AMERICAS TO 1500 = 249
Early Mesoamerica : The Olmecs = 250
Teotihuac$$a'$$n : The First Great City in the Americas = 251
The Maya = 252
Maya Society, Religion, and Culture = 253
The Collapse of Maya Civilization = 256
The Toltec Empire = 256
The Aztec Empire = 257
Aztec Society = 259
The Gods of Human Sacrifice = 260
Montezuma Ⅱ and the Decline of the Aztecs = 261
Early Peru : The Cha$$i'$$n Culture = 262
The Inca = 263
The Rise of the Inca = 263
State and Society Under the Inca = 264
The Decline of the Inca = 266
The Amerindians of North America = 266
The Ohio Valley : The Adena and Hopewell Cultures = 267
The Mississippian Culture = 267
The Southwest : The Mogollon, Hohokam, and Anasazi Cultures = 268
Later Native Cultures of North America = 269
The Far North : Inuit, Aleuts, and Athabaskans = 270
DOCUMENTS
Topiltzin's Ouster and Prophecy = 258
Human Sacrifice = 261
The Famine of 1454 = 262
Inca Royal Marriages = 265
The Iroquois Remedy for Anarchy = 270
THE VISUAL EXPERIENCE : Art of Early Africa and the Americas = 256
CHAPTER 11 MEDIEVAL INDIA AND SOUTHEAST ASIA = 273
Early Islamic Influence = 273
The Muslim Advance = 274
The Delhi Sultans = 275
Ala-ud-din Khalji, Oppressive Sultan = 278
The Tughluqs = 279
Sikandar Lodi and Ibrahim = 280
Bhakti and Sufi : A Religious Revival = 280
South India = 281
The Temple Builders = 281
The Cholas = 283
Vijayanagar, Empire of Victory = 283
The Eastward Spread of Islam = 284
Medieval Southeast Asia = 286
Burma and Siam = 286
Cambodia and Laos = 288
Angkor : City of Monumental Splendor = 288
Vietnam : Expansion to the South = 289
Malaya, Indonesia, and the Philippines = 290
Central Asia = 291
DOCUMENTS
Marco Polo on India = 277
The Mongols : An Eyewitness Account = 279
Hindu Devotion = 281
The Bhakti Synthesis = 282
Islamic Ideals = 285
CHAPTER 12 A GOLDEN AGE IN EAST ASIA = 295
Reunification in China = 295
The T'ang Dynasty = 296
Ch'ang An in an Age of Imperial Splendor = 298
Cultural Achievement and Political Decay = 299
The Sung Dynasty = 301
Defeat in the North = 303
The Southern Sung Period = 303
Innovation and Technological Development = 306
The Mongol Conquest and the Yuan Dynasty = 306
Yuan China = 308
Chinese Culture and the Mongol Empire = 308
Korea = 309
Three Kingdoms : Paekche, Silla, and Koguryo = 310
The Yi Dynasty = 311
Japan = 313
Early Culture and Development = 313
The Nara Period = 313
The Heian Era = 314
Lady Muraski and Heian Court Literature = 315
Political Disorder and the Rise of Feudalism = 315
The Kamakura Period = 316
The Ashikaga Shogunate = 316
DOCUMENTS
Tax Reform : A Chinese View = 299
The "Ever-Normal Granary" System = 302
The Confucian Revival = 304
Advice to a Chinese Emperor = 305
Troubled Times in Japan = 317
CHAPTER 13 THE RISE OF EUROPE = 320
Migration and Transformation = 320
The Franks = 321
Charlemagne = 321
Disintegration and Invasion = 323
Feudal Society = 323
Lords and Vassals : The Feudal Aristocracy = 324
The Early Medieval Peasantry = 325
New Foundations : Economic Expansion = 326
Urban Development and Town Life = 328
The Growth of Monarchy : England and France = 330
From the Norman Conquest to the Angevin Empire = 330
Eleanor of Aquitaine : Court Politics and Courtly Love = 330
Law and Monarchy in Norman and Angevin England = 331
Capetian France = 333
The Holy Roman Empire and the Church = 335
Germany and the Imperial Revival = 335
Papal Triumph and the Imperial Challenge = 337
Boniface Ⅷ and the End of Papal Hegemony = 338
The Waning of the Byzantine Empire = 338
The Clash of Faiths : Muslims Against Crusaders = 339
Byzantium After the Crusades = 343
The Iberian Peninsula and the Reconquista = 343
Granada, the "Gardens of Pardise" = 344
Russia and the Mongol Conquest = 345
DOCUMENTS
The Rights of a French Town = 329
The Magna Carta = 33
Gregory Ⅶ on Papal Authority = 336
A Call to Crusaders = 339
A Muslim's View of the Crusaders = 340
CHAPTER 14 LIFE AND CULTURE IN MEDIEVAL EUROPE = 348
The Medieval Church = 348
Monastic Communities = 349
Apostolic Renewal : The New Religious Orders = 349
Hildegard of Bingen = 351
Dissidents and Heretics = 352
The World of Learning = 353
Scholarly Guilds : The Medieval University = 354
Paris : Monks, Merchants, and Students in the Royal City = 355
The Scholastics = 357
Law and Political Thought = 359
Science and Medicine = 360
The Medieval Vision = 360
The Age of the Romanesque = 361
The Gothic Achievement = 362
Medieval Religious Music = 363
Vernacular Culture and the Age of Chivalry = 364
Medieval Jewry = 366
Between Two Cultures : The Jews in Spain = 368
Women in Medieval Society = 368
DOCUMENTS
Holy Poverty : The Ideal of Francis = 351
Proving that God Exists = 358
Courtly Love = 365
The Expulsion of the Jews from France = 367
Women : A Western Medieval View = 369
Global Essay : Death and the Human Experience(Ⅰ) = 372
CHAPTER 15 CRISIS AND RECOVERY IN EUROPE = 377
Famine and the Black Death = 377
Catastrophe and Rebellion = 380
The Hundred Year's War = 381
The Spiritual Crisis of the Late Medieval Church = 383
The Challenge of Heresy : Wyclif and Hus = 385
The Late Medieval outlook = 386
The Cults of Death and Chivalry = 386
National Literatures = 387
Economic Recovery = 388
Political Renewal : The Quest for Unity and Authority = 389
The Rise of Muscovy = 390
The Spain of Isabella and Ferdinand = 390
England : The Struggle for the Throne = 392
Valois France = 393
Italy : Papal States and City-States = 394
The Duchy of Milan = 394
Caterina Sforza, the Despot of Forli = 395
Florence and the Medici = 396
Venice : The Republic of St. Mark = 397
The Holy Roman Empire = 398
Eastern Europe = 400
DOCUMENTS
The Trial of Joan of Arc = 382
Marsiglio on the Power of the People = 385
A Corrupt Clergy : Wyclif's Indictment = 386
Death and Decay = 388
The Glories of Venice = 399
CHAPTER 16 NEW HORIZONS : THE EUROPEAN RENAISSANCE = 403
The Urban Setting of the Renaissance = 403
Florence : A Panorama = 404
The Patronage of Arts and Letters = 405
The Humanists = 406
The Age of Petrarch = 406
Civic Humanists = 408
The Florentine Academy and the Neoplatonists = 408
Education and Scholarship = 409
Humanists Outside Italy = 410
Woman and Renaissance Culture = 411
Christine de Pizan, Poet, Essayist, and Historian = 412
Machiavelli and the Culture of Power = 413
The Printing Revolution = 414
The Fine Arts = 416
Early Renaissance Painting = 417
Later Renaissance Painting : A New Phase = 417
Leonardo da Vinci = 418
Raphael, Michelangelo, and the Roman Renaissance = 418
Titian and the Venetian Renaissance = 420
Sculpture : From Virtuosity to Introspection = 420
Women Artists = 421
Architecture and Classical Inspiration = 421
Northern Art = 422
Musical Developments in the Renaissance = 423
Perspectives on the Renaissance = 424
DOCUMENTS
Petrarch on Petrarch = 407
Aristocratic Women = 410
The Case for Educating Young Ladies = 413
Machiavelli's Advice to a Renaissance Prince = 415
Michelangelo : The Sistine Chapel Ceiling = 419
Global Essay : The Human Image(Ⅰ) = 427
THE VISUAL EXPERIENCE : Art of the Renaissance = 416
PART THREE THE EARLY MODERN WORLD = 435
CHAPTER 17 THE REFORMATION = 437
The Late Medieval Church = 437
Lay Piety = 438
Institutional Decay = 438
Christian Humanists and the Quest for Reform = 439
Erasmus, Prince of the Humanists = 439
The Humanists in England = 440
Luther and the German Reformation = 440
Luther : The Early Years and the Attack on Indulgences = 441
Toward a New Theology = 442
Religion and Social Reform = 443
The Growth of the Lutheran Movement = 444
The Reformed Tradition = 445
Ulrich Zwingli and the Swiss Reformation = 446
John Calvin = 447
Geneva in the Age of Calvin = 448
The Radical Reformation = 450
The Anabaptists = 450
Spiritualists and Rationalists = 451
The English Reformation = 451
The King's "Great Matter" and the Break with Rome = 451
The Edwardian Reformation and the Marian Reaction = 453
The Catholic Revival : A Church Militant = 455
Angela Merici and the Ursulines = 455
Ignatius of Loyola and the Jesuit Order = 455
The Council of Trent and the Inquisition = 456
The Reformation and the Jews = 458
The Witch-Hunt = 459
Reformers and Witches = 459
Choosing the Victims = 459
The Cultural Impact of the Reformation = 460
Gr$$\ddot u$$newald, D$$\ddot u$$rer, and Holbein = 460
Music and the Reformation = 461
DOCUMENTS
A Bible for the People = 441
Luther on Justification by Faith = 443
Religion and Revolt : Peasant Demands = 446
Eternally Chosen, Eternally Damned = 448
Obedience : The View of Ignatius = 457
Women and Witchcraft = 460
CHAPTER 18 THE AGE OF GLOBAL ENCOUNTERS = 464
Europe on the Eve of Exploration = 464
Land Tenures and Agricultural Development = 465
Commercial Innovation and Expansion = 465
The Search for New Trade Routes = 466
Technology and Seafaring = 466
The Motives for Portuguese Expansion = 468
Voyages of Exploration = 468
Westerners in Asia and Africa = 472
The Portuguese and Africa = 472
Traders in Asia = 473
Religious Concerns = 474
Matteo Ricci : Missionary to the Ming Court = 475
The Russian Advance in Asia = 477
The Early Impact of the West on Asia : Some Reflections = 478
The European Conquest of the Americas = 479
Conquistadors, Aztecs, and Inca = 479
Spanish Rule in the Americas = 480
The Impact of Spanish Imperialism = 482
The Portuguese in Brazil = 483
The North Atlantic States and the Americas = 483
The Economy in the Age of Exploration = 484
Merchant Capitalism = 484
The Price Revolution = 485
Industrial and Commercial Development = 485
Antwerp's Golden Age = 486
DOCUMENTS
Fugger Money : The Price of Power = 467
The Amerindians : Columbus' View = 470
A European View of China = 476
The Splendors of Tenochtitl$$a'$$n = 480
The Sack of Antwerp, 1576 = 486
Global Essay : Maps and Their Makers(Ⅰ) = 490
CHAPTER 19 STATE-BUILDING AND REVOLUTION = 495
Philip Ⅱ and the Quest for Spanish Dominance, 1556 - 1598 = 495
The Spanish Citadel : Madrid and the Escorial = 498
The Culture of the Spanish Counter-Reformation = 498
Spain and the Mediterranean = 500
Rebellion in the Netherlands = 500
The English Challenge = 502
The French Civil War = 502
The Age of the Queens = 504
Europe in Crisis, 1600-1660 = 504
The Thirty Years' War = 505
Rebuilding France : Foundations of Bourbon Rule = 506
Spain : Disillusionment, War, and Revolt = 508
The Dutch Republic and the House of Orange = 509
Early Stuart England : From Consensus to Conflict = 509
The English Revolution = 511
A Woman in the English Revolution : Margaret Fell = 512
Central and Eastern Europe = 514
Turmoil in Poland and Russia = 514
Old World Rivalries in a Global Setting = 515
The Dutch and English in Asia = 516
Colonial Conflict in the Americas = 517
DOCUMENTS
The "Calvinist Fury" = 501
The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre : Papal Reaction = 503
Richelieu's Plan for Reform = 507
Who Should Vote? The Putney Debates = 513
Ivan the Terrible = 516
CHAPTER 20 ISLAMIC EMPIRES IN THE EARLY MODERN WORLD = 520
The Ottoman Empire = 520
Mehmet the Conqueror = 521
Selim the Grim, Suleiman the Magnificent, and Ottoman Expansion = 522
Ottoman Society = 522
Istanbul : "This Place That Is Like Paradise" = 525
Urban Life = 526
Economy and Culture = 527
The Decay of the Empire = 529
The Mughals in India = 530
Babur and the New Dynasty = 530
Akbar and His Achievement = 531
Jahangir and Shah Jahan = 533
The Reign of Aurangzeb : Repression and Revolt = 536
Sects and Rebels : Rajputs, Sikhs, and Marathas = 536
The Mughals and India = 538
The Safavids in Iran = 541
DOCUMENTS
Devshirme : Turks Drafting Christians = 525
Jewish Life in the Ottoman Empire = 528
The Court of Akbar = 531
Festivals in Mughal India = 534
A Westerner Visits Delhi = 540
CHAPTER 21 THE TRANSFORMATION OF AFRICA, 1400 - 1800 = 545
Social and Economic Change = 546
The Eastern Sudan and Ethiopia : Religious Conflict and Transformation = 548
Islamic Expansion in the Eastern Sudan = 548
Christianity Besieged : Ethiopia = 549
The Western and Central Sudan = 551
The Empire of Songhay = 551
Kanem-Bornu and the Hausa States = 553
Coastal West Africa = 554
Benin = 554
Oyo = 555
Dahomey = 556
Senegambia : The Marabout Movement and the Signares = 556
Central Africa : Kongo, the Portuguese, and Christianity = 558
The Swahili City-States of East Africa = 559
Kilwa : The Island City = 560
The Decline of Portuguese Power in East Africa = 561
Southern Africa = 562
The Zimbabwe Migration and the Mutapa State = 562
The Peoples of Southern Africa = 563
Africa and the Slave Trade = 564
The Transatlantic Trade = 565
The Impact of the Slave Trade = 565
The Introduction of New Foods to Africa = 566
DOCUMENTS
The Introduction of Islam to Kano = 554
West African Women = 557
The City of Kilwa = 560
The Land of the Nguni = 564
The Impact of the Slave Trade on the Guinea Coast = 566
CHAPTER 22 IMPERIAL REVIVAL IN CHINA = 569
The Ming Dynasty = 570
Hung-wu : The Rebel Emperor = 570
Tributaries and Expeditions = 572
From Southeast Asia to Africa = 572
The Expeditions in Retrospect = 573
Prosperity and Conservatism = 574
Commerce and Culture = 575
Patronage and Literature = 579
Popular Culture = 581
Elite Culture and Traditionalism = 582
Imperial Peking : Axis of the Ming World = 584
Complacency and Decline = 585
Strangers at the Gates = 585
Politics and Corruption = 586
The Manchu Conquest = 590
DOCUMENTS
A Ming Naval Expedition = 573
A Western View of China = 578
Folk Wisdom : Maxims from the Chinese = 581
Social Customs in Ming China = 586
An Earthquake at Peking, 1626 = 588
CHAPTER 23 THE SOCIETIES OF THE EARLY MODERN WORLD = 592
Social Hierarchies = 593
Caste and the Social Order in India = 593
Social Hierarchy in East Asia = 593
Social Hierarchy in Europe = 594
The European Aristocracy = 595
Urban Society = 596
Marriage and the Family = 596
The Family in Asia = 596
The Family in Europe = 597
Marriage in Asia = 598
Divorce in Asia and Europe = 599
Marriage and the Family in Africa = 600
The Status of Women = 600
Women in Asia = 600
Women in the Middle East and Africa = 601
Women in Europe = 601
Sexual Customs = 603
Education, Literacy, and the Printed Word = 606
Learning in Asia = 606
Learning in the West = 607
Education in the Ottoman Empire = 608
Poverty, Crime, and Social Control = 609
Causes of European Poverty = 609
Poor Relief in Europe = 610
Poor Relief Outside Europe = 611
Crime and Poverty = 611
Controlling Crime = 611
DOCUMENTS
Aristocratic Behavior in Japan = 594
"Surplus" Daughters = 599
Peasant Poverty : France, 1696 = 610
Capital Punishment and Cruelty = 613
CHAPTER 24 THE AGE OF ABSOLUTISM = 616
France Under Louis XIV = 617
Provincial Autonomy and Central Control = 617
Divine Right Monarchy = 617
Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Misister of Finance = 618
Louis XIV and the Bureaucracy = 619
Verailles : The Sun King Enthroned = 621
The Wars of Louis XIV = 622
The Dutch War(1672 - 1678) = 622
Aggression Without War : Louis Against Germany = 623
The War of Five Continents = 623
Britain and France : The Contest for Empire = 624
Louis XIV and the Climax of Absolutism = 626
Peter the Great and the Emergence of Russia = 627
The Tsarist State = 627
Peter and the West = 627
The Reforms of Peter = 629
Austria : The Dynastic State = 630
Prussia : The Garrison State = 631
Eastern European Absolutism in Context = 633
England : The Triumph of Parliamentary Government = 633
The Glorious Revolution and the Revolutionary Settlement = 634
Late Stuart and Hanoverian London = 635
DOCUMENTS
On the Nature of Majesty = 620
The Disasters of War = 624
Law and Justice Under Peter the Great = 630
The Right to Alter Government = 635
CHAPTER 25 EUROPE'S CENTURY OF GENIUS = 638
From Ancient Science to the Copernican Revolution = 638
The Medieval World Picture = 639
The Hermetic Challenge = 640
The New Order of Knowledge = 641
Galileo and the Copernican Triumph = 642
Other Scientific Advances = 643
New Technology = 644
Science at the Crossroads = 644
Doubt and Faith : Descartes and Pascal = 645
Conflicting Roads to Truth = 645
The Newtonian Synthesis = 646
The Scientific Method = 647
Philosophy : The Age of Reason = 649
Thomas Hobbes and the Natural Man = 649
John Locke and the State of Nature = 650
French Skepticism = 650
The Lens Grinder of Amsterdam, Baruch Spinoza = 652
Literature : The Triumph of the Vernacular = 653
The Age of the Baroque = 655
Rome : The Rebirth of a Capital = 656
DOCUMENTS
On the Infinity of the Universe = 642
Pascal on Humankind's Place in the Universe = 646
The Scientific Method = 648
The Institution of the Commonwealth = 651
PART FOUR TOWARD THE MODERN WORLD = 659
CHAPTER 26 EUROPE, AFRICA, AND THE AMERICAS = 661
The Old Colonial System = 662
Gold and the Expansion of the European Economy = 663
Merchant Capitalism and the Growth of the State = 663
The Economy of the Americas = 664
The Settlement of North America = 664
Sugar and Slavery = 665
The Triangular Trade = 667
Liverpool and the Transatlantic Trade = 668
The First Age of Global War = 669
The New Balance of Power = 669
Walpole, Britain's First Prime Minister = 669
The Triumph of the Elite = 670
France Under Louis XV = 671
Taxation and Finance = 671
The Wars of Midcentury = 672
The Seven Years' War = 673
The Birth of the American Republic = 674
The American Colonies and Britain = 674
Protest and Rebellion = 675
The Revolutionary War = 676
Forming a Nation = 677
From Confederation to Commonwealth = 677
American and Canadian Expansion = 678
The Abolition of the Slave Trade and the Emancipation of Spanish America = 680
Sim$$o'$$n Bol$$i'$$var, the Liberator = 680
The End of Empire = 681
DOCUMENTS
Conscript Labor in Spanish Mexico = 662
A Slave's Experience = 667
The First Stock Market Crash = 672
Bol$$i'$$var's Message to the Congress of Angostura = 683
CHAPTER 27 THE ENLIGHTENMENT = 685
The Roots of the Enlightenment = 686
The God of Reason = 686
The Idea of Progress = 687
Locke and Liberty = 688
Philosophy in Action = 689
Voltaire = 689
The Enlightenment and Society = 690
Rousseau and the Social Contract = 690
State and Utopia = 691
The Philosophes and Their Public = 692
Literacy and Censorship = 693
The Encyclopedia = 693
The Enlightened Despots = 694
Catherine the Great = 694
Frederick the Great = 696
Joseph Ⅱ : The Revolutionary Emperor = 697
Enlightened Despotism in Perspective = 698
The Counter-Enlightenment = 699
The Revival of Religion = 699
Skepticism and Idealism = 700
The Emancipation of the Jews = 701
The Abolitionist Movement = 703
The Rights of Women = 704
Mary Wollstonecraft, Feminist = 705
The Arts : From Rococo to Neoclassical = 706
Vienna and the Golden Age of Western Music = 707
DOCUMENTS
Rousseau on the Social Contract = 692
From Diderot's Encyclopedia = 695
Frederick the Great on the Enlightened Despot = 696
The Romantic Reaction = 701
The Revulsion Against Slavery = 703
CHAPTER 28 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEON = 710
The Crisis of the Old Order in France = 710
Reform and Reaction = 711
The Fiscal Crisis = 711
The Constitutional Crisis = 712
The Bourgeoisie and the Third Estate = 712
The Revolution of 1789 = 713
From the Estates General to the National Assembly = 713
The Popular Revolution = 715
The Abolition of Privilege and the Declaration of the Rights of Man = 716
The New Order, 1789 - 1791 = 717
The Bourgeoisie in Power = 717
The Reorganization of Church and State = 717
The Revolution and Europe = 718
Paris and the Fall of the Monarchy = 719
The Radical Revolution, 1792 - 1794 = 720
Reform and Regicide = 720
Robespierre and the Terror = 722
The Republic of Virtue = 722
Madame Roland : A Woman in the Revolution = 724
Conquest and Reaction, 1795 - 1799 = 725
Women and the French Revolution = 727
The Legacy of the Revolution : Conflicting Interpretations = 727
The Napoleonic Era = 729
From Republic to Empire = 729
France Against Europe = 731
The Grand Empire = 731
The Collapse of the Napoleonic Order = 734
The Bourbon Restoration = 734
DOCUMENTS
France on the Eve of the Revolution = 711
The Fall of the Bastille : An Eyewitness Account = 715
Robespierre on the Principles of Revolutionary Government = 723
Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen = 726
Napoleon on Himself = 730
Global Essay : Death and the Human Experience(Ⅱ) = 737
CHAPTER 29 EARLY MODERN INDIA AND IRAN = 743
The Mughal Collapse = 744
Westerners in India = 746
The Early English Presence = 747
Territorial Bases = 747
The Mughal and Post-Mughal Contexts = 748
Anglo-French Rivalry and the conquest of Bengal = 750
Robert Clive and the Beginnings of British India = 751
The Establishment of British Rule = 751
The Orientalists and the Bengal Renaissance = 754
Calcutta, Colonial Capital = 756
The Subjugation of India = 757
The Mutiny of 1857 = 760
Iran in Transition : The Eighteenth Century = 761
Nadir Quli = 761
Karim Khan = 762
DOCUMENTS
India in Turmoil = 744
Why Calcutta? = 749
The British Indicted = 755
British Life in India = 757
The Charter Act, 1833 = 759
CHAPTER 30 MANCHU CHINA AND TOKUGAWA JAPAN = 765
China Under the Manchus = 766
Prosperity and Population Growth = 768
The Reigns of Kang Hsi and Ch'ien Lung = 770
The Later Ch'ing : Symptoms of Decline = 772
New Barbarian Pressures : the Westerners = 773
Stagnation and Vulnerability = 774
The Opium Wars = 776
Korea Moves Toward the Modern World = 776
Reunification and the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan = 777
The Era of the Warlords = 778
Tokugawa Rule = 779
The Expulsion of Foreigners = 781
Culture and Nationalism = 782
Edo and the "Floating World" = 784
Hokusai, Master Artist = 785
Foreign Pressures and Domestic Unrest = 786
DOCUMENTS
Adam Smith on China = 768
Omens of Crisis = 774
Hideyoshi Writes to His Wife = 780
Tokugawa Ieyasu : Instructions to His Successors = 781
Japanese Women : An Outsider's View = 783
THE VISUAL EXPERIENCE : Art of Asia from the Sixteenth to the Nineteenth Century = 768
CHAPTER 31 THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION = 788
Background : Population, Energy, and Technology = 788
Commerce and the Formation of Capitalist Society = 790
The Agricultural Revolution = 793
Science, Technology, and the State = 794
The Transformation of Britain = 795
The Organization of Labor = 795
Industrial Discipline = 797
Family Life : A Tale of Two Cultures = 797
Capital, Labor, and the Rights of Man = 799
Robert Owen, Industrial Reformer = 801
The Population Explosion = 803
Manchester : Factory Town = 806
The Spread of the Industrial Revolution = 808
Exploitation and Resistance = 809
The German Giant = 810
Industrial Development After 1850 = 810
The Harnessing of Science = 811
DOCUMENTS
Malthus on Population = 790
Child Labor = 798
Luddism = 801
Two Views of Manchester = 807
CHAPTER 32 THE AGE OF IDEOLOGY = 814
The Legacy of Revolution = 814
The Congress of Vienna = 816
Collective Security = 816
The Diplomatic Settlement = 817
Reaction and Revolution = 819
The Troubled 1820s = 820
Liberalism = 822
Romanticism and the Quest for Identity = 823
The Dethronement of Tradition = 823
The Romantic Hero = 823
Goethe and the Romantic Spirit = 823
The Spread of Romanticism = 825
Romanticism Beyond the Arts = 826
Romanticism and the Image of Women = 827
The Liberal Revival and the Revolutions of 1830 = 828
The July Revolution in France = 828
Revolution East and West = 829
Britain : Revolution Averted = 829
The Socialist Challenge = 830
The Demand for Reform = 830
From Reform to Revolution = 831
Karl Marx = 832
The Revolutions of 1848 = 833
The Causes of the Revolutions = 833
The Collapse of the Old Order = 834
Counterrevolution in Central Europe = 835
France : From Revolution to Empire = 836
DOCUMENTS
The Mystique of Nationalism = 816
Metternich's Plea for the Old Order = 819
The Romantic Poet = 825
Mazzini's Call to Revolution = 830
The June Days = 837
THE VISUAL EXPERIENCE : Romantic and Neoclassical Art = 832
CHAPTER 33 THE TRIUMPH OF NATIONALISM = 839
The Politics of National Grandeur : Napoleon Ⅲ in France = 840
The Second Empire = 841
The Liberalization of the Empire = 842
Power Politics and the Unification of Italy = 843
The Italian Risorgimento = 845
Cavour the Realist = 845
The Crisis of Italian Unification = 846
Iron and Blood : The Making of the German Empire = 848
Nationalism and the German State System = 848
Bismarck and the Liberals = 849
The Showdown with Austria = 850
The Franco-Prussian War and the Forging of German Unification = 851
Eastern Europe and the Ottomans = 853
Vienna in the Age of Franz Josef = 853
Russia Between Reaction and Reform = 854
Alexander Ⅱ and the Dilemma of Russian Reform = 855
The Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire = 856
The Jewish Question and the Birth of Zionism = 857
Theodor Herzl and the Quest for a Jewish Homeland = 858
The Struggle for National Unity : The United States and Latin America = 860
The American Civil War = 861
National Development in Latin America = 861
Brazil : From Empire to Republic = 861
Dictatorship and War = 862
Argentina and Mexico = 862
The Napoleonic Myth = 841
Cavour Versus Garibaldi = 848
Bismarck on Power Politics = 850
Tsarist Russia on the Edge of Revolution = 856
On Anti-Semitism = 859
CHAPTER 34
Industrial Development and Monopoly Capitalism = 866
The Second Phase of the Industrial Revolution = 866
The Rise of Big Business = 866
The Social Hierarchy = 868
The Aristocracy : Adjustment and Change = 868
The Growth of the Middle Classes = 869
The Decline of the Working Class = 869
The Urban Landscape = 870
Sexuality, Women, and the Family = 871
Bourgeois Respectability = 872
Sexual Attitudes = 873
Liberalism and the Political Order = 873
Britain in the Victorian Age = 873
The Third Republic in France = 874
Germany Under the Reich = 876
The Liberal State in Italy = 77
Spain and the Smaller Powers = 878
The Rise of Feminism = 879
Social Activism and Women's Rights = 879
The Suffrage Struggle = 880
Emmeline Pankhurst and the Politics of Confrontation = 880
Science and the Doctrine of Progress = 881
The Darwinian Revolution = 881
Science and Society = 883
Culture and Industrial Society = 883
Painting : New Visions of Reality = 883
The Literary Response = 884
Socialism and the Labor Movement = 884
Socialism, Anarchism, and the Paris Commune = 885
Trade Unions and the Labor Movement = 885
Socialist Parties : Between Reform and Revolution = 886
The Cult of Domesticity = 872
The Suffragette Revolt = 882
The Spirit of Revolution = 886
Socialist Women = 888
Global Essay : Writing and Communication(Ⅱ) = 891
CHAPTER 35
The New Imperialism = 897
Conflicting Interpretations = 898
Economics and Empire = 898
Africa and the Colonial Powers = 899
Africa on the Eve of Imperialism = 900
Explorers and Missionaries = 901
The Scramble for Africa = 903
Britain, France, and the Perils of Empire = 903
South Africa and the Boer War = 905
Imperialism and Its Consequences = 905
The West in Asia = 906
British Imperial India = 906
Modern Growth = 907
Colonial Government = 908
New Delhi : Indian Summer of the Raj = 911
The Rise of Indian Nationalism = 912
Colonial Regimes in Southeast Asia = 913
The British in Burma and Malaya = 914
French, Dutch, and American Colonialism = 915
Independent Siam = 916
Overseas Chinese = 916
China Besieged = 916
Traders and Missionaries = 917
The Taiping Rebellion = 918
Attempts at Reform = 919
Treaty Ports and Mission Schools = 919
The Boxer Rebellion = 920
Japan Among the Powers = 920
The Meiji Restoration : Response to the West = 921
Economy and Government = 921
Japanese Imperialism = 921
Ito Hirobumi : Meiji Statesman = 922
Australia and the Pacific Islands = 923
Australia : Convicts, Wool, and Gold = 924
New Zealand Maori and Missionaries = 924
Islands of the Pacific = 925
Imperialism and Economics : The Debate = 899
The Inhumanity of Imperialism = 901
Women and African Society = 904
Opium = 917
Through Each Other's Eyes = 918
PART FIVE THE TWENTIETH CENTURY = 927
CHAPTER 36 CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND THE GREAT WAR = 929
The Crisis of European Culture = 930
The Revolt Against Positivism = 930
The Dilemmas of Science = 931
Realism Abandoned : Literature and Art = 932
Barcelona and the Modern Temper = 932
Postimpressionists, Cubists, and Futurists = 933
Nationalism and Racism = 934
The Breakdown of the European Order = 934
Bismarck and the Concert of Europe = 936
The Triple Entente = 936
The Arms Race = 937
Europe on the Brink = 938
Sarajevo : The Failure of Diplomacy = 939
The Ordeal of the West = 939
War of Attrition = 939
The Eastern Front and Italian Intervention = 941
The War Beyond Europe = 942
Agony on the Western Front = 943
The Social Consequences of Total War = 943
American Intervention and the German Collapse = 945
The Reordering of Europe = 945
The Paris Peace Conference = 945
The Treaty of Versailles = 946
The Search for Security = 947
Society and Culture : The Impact of War = 948
Social Change and Economic Crisis = 948
The New Morality : Women, Work, and Sex = 950
Josephine Baker : An American in Paris = 951
Science, Literature, and Art = 952
DOCUMENTS
The Futurist Manifesto = 935
The Trauma of Trench Warfare = 940
Nightmare at Versailles = 947
The Mood of Postwar Pessimism = 950
Global Essay : The Human Image(Ⅱ) = 956
CHAPTER 37 UPHEAVAL IN EURASIA AND THE MIDDLE EAST = 962
The Russian Revolution = 963
The Twilight of the Romanovs = 963
The March 1917 Revolution = 964
Lenin and the Bolshevik Coup = 965
Building the Communist State = 967
Revolution Under Siege = 968
Alexandra Kollontai and the Women's Question = 970
Stalin Versus Trotsky : The Struggle for Power = 971
The Comintern : Russia Between East and West = 973
China : Rebels, Warlords, and Patriots = 975
Sun Yat-sen and the 1911 Revolution = 975
The May Fourth Movement = 976
China and the Marxist Model = 977
The Nanking Decade = 977
Shanghai : The Model Treaty Port = 979
India : Toward Freedom = 980
Gandhi and Mass Action = 981
Hindus and Muslims = 983
The Nationalist Awakening in the Middle East = 985
The Mandate System and the Palestine Question = 985
The Modernization of Turkey and Iran = 987
DOCUMENTS
Lenin's April Theses = 966
What Price Revolution? = 970
The Comintern : East Versus West = 974
Gandhi's Message to the British = 982
The Declaration of Indian Feedom = 983
CHAPTER 38 TOTALITARIANISM AND THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRACY = 990
The Nature of Fascism = 991
General Characteristics = 991
The Origins of Fascism = 992
Italy : The Fascist Triumph = 993
Benito Mussolini = 993
Postwar Crisis in Italy = 993
The Fascist Movement = 994
The March on Rome = 994
Mussolini's Italy = 995
Economic Policy = 995
The Church and Fascism = 995
Regimentation, Propaganda, and Art = 996
Rome, the Fascist Capital = 997
The Anti-Fascist Opposition = 998
Germany : From Weimar to Hitler = 998
Revolution and the Weimar Republic = 998
Adolf Hitler and the Rise of Nazism = 999
Weimar Culture = 1002
The Nazi Seizure of Power = 1004
Nazi Germany = 1004
The Nazi State = 1005
Economic Policy = 1005
Society and Culture = 1006
Hitler and the Jews = 1007
Fascism as a World Phenomenon = 1008
Varieties of European Fascism = 1008
Fascism in Asia = 1008
Brazil's Estado Novo = 1009
Stalin's Soviet Union = 1010
The Five-Year Plans = 1011
Social Policy = 1012
The Great Purges = 1013
The Great Depression and the Crisis of Capitalism = 1013
The Economic Collapse = 1014
Government Response = 1015
Britain, France, and the United States : The Trial of Democracy = 1015
Politics and Society = 1015
Toward the Welfare State = 1016
Central and Eastern Europe = 1017
The Successor States = 1017
The Decline of Liberalism = 1018
University Professors and Fascism = 992
Mussolini's Seizure of Power = 996
Hitler's Architectural Megalomania = 1000
Nazism : The Philosophy of Domination = 1002
The Brazilian Experience : The Estado Novo = 1010
CHAPTR 39
The Rising Sun : Japanese Expansion in East Asia = 1020
Aggression and Appeasement in the West = 1021
Europe and Africa : The Axis Advance = 1021
The Spanish Civil War = 1022
The Czech Crisis = 1023
World War Ⅱ = 1024
The Nazi Onslaught = 1026
Allied Resistance and Axis Setbacks = 1026
The United States and Japan : The Road to Pearl Harbor = 1028
The War in China = 1028
Chungking : Beleaguered Wartime Capital = 1030
India and Southeast Asia = 1030
Japan and the Pacific Theater = 1031
The Price of Victory = 1032
Descent into the Abyss : The Holocaust = 1032
Isabella Katz and the Holocaust : A Living Testimony = 1033
The Grand Alliance : Victory in Europe = 1034
The Atomic Bomb and the Defeat of Japan = 1036
The United Nations = 1038
The Era of Reconstruction = 1039
The Soviet Union = 1039
From National Fronts to People's Democracies = 1040
De-Stalinization and the Rise of Khrushchev = 1041
Dissent and Diversity = 1041
Economic and Political Revival in Western Europe = 1042
Toward Political Stability = 1043
The Cold War and the Superpowers = 1044
Potsdam and the Origins of the Cold War = 1045
From the Truman Doctrine to the Berlin Blockade = 1045
From Brinkmanship to D$$e'$$tente = 1047
American Society in Transition
Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Struggle for Civil Rights = 1049
The New Activism = 1051
Women and Social Change Outside the United States = 1052
Hitler's War Plans = 1025
The End of Emperor Worship = 1037
The Cuban Missile Crisis : Two Views = 1048
Letter from Birmingham Jail = 1050
CHAPTER 40
The Recovery of Japan = 1056
The American Occupation = 1056
Economic and Social Development = 1058
Japan's International Role = 1059
Tokyo and the Modern World = 1060
China in Revolution = 1061
Postwar China and the Communist Triumph = 1061
Reconstruction and Consolidation = 1063
The Great Leap Forward = 1063
The Sino-Soviet Split = 1064
The Cultural Revolution = 1064
China After Mao = 1068
The Revolution Reconsidered = 1069
Taiwan and Hong Kong = 1071
Divided Korea = 1071
Southeast Asia Since World War Ⅱ = 1073
The Philippines and Indonesia = 1074
Indochina and the Vietnam War = 1075
Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, and Burma = 1077
Rewards and Problems of Modernization = 1078
MacArthur : An Assessment = 1057
Revolution, Chinese Style = 1066
Mao : The Revolutionary Vision = 1067
CHAPTER 41
South Asia : Independence and Political Division = 1081
The Kashmir Conflict = 1085
India After Independence = 1086
India Under Nehru = 1086
Indira Gandhi = 1088
The Sikhs = 1090
India After Indira Gandhi = 1090
Bangladesh and Pakistan = 1091
Sri Lanka = 1093
The Turbulent Middle East = 1094
Israel and the Struggle for Palestine = 1094
David Ben-Gurion, Israel's Founder = 1096
Israeli Society : Challenge and Conflict = 1097
The Arab-Israeli Wars = 1099
Jerusalem : A City Divided = 1100
Arab Nationalism = 1101
Nasser and the Egyptian Revolution = 1102
The Middle East in the Postwar World = 1103
OPEC and the Politics of Oil = 1104
Modernization and Revolution in Iran = 1104
Women and the Islamic Revolution = 1106
The Middle East Today = 1107
Legacy of Violence : The Lebanese Civil War and the Gulf War = 1107
Muslim Solidarity : Jinnah's Call = 1082
India and the Sense of History = 1084
India's World Role = 1088
Israel or Palestine? = 1098
Militant Islam = 1106
CHAPTER 42
Africa : The Seeds of Revolt = 1111
The Achievement of Independence = 1112
Jomo Kenyatta : Kenya's Founding Father = 1114
The Quest for Unity = 1115
South Africa = 1117
North Africa = 1120
African Perspectives and Prospects = 1122
South America : Reform and Revolution = 1122
Brazil : The Unstable Giant = 1125
Bras$$i'$$lia : the Planned City = 1125
Argentina : Dictatorship and Democracy = 1126
Chile and Peru : Socialism and the Military = 1128
Bolivia : Land of Revolutions = 1129
Central America and the Caribbean = 1130
The Cuban Revolution = 1131
Patterns of Violence = 1132
The Nicaraguan Revolution = 1133
Mexico in the Twentieth Century = 1134
Society and Culture in Latin America = 1135
Women and the Culture of Machismo = 1138
Black Power = 1112
Nelson Mandela's Inaugural Address = 1118
Eva Per$$o'$$n on Peronism = 1128
Liberation Theology = 1136
A Latin American Feminist Speaks Out = 1139
Global Essay : Maps and Their Makers(Ⅱ) = 1142
CHAPTER 43
Coexistence and D$$e'$$tente = 1147
The Superpowers Challenged = 1150
The Nuclear Peril and the Quest for Disarmament = 1150
Changing Realities = 1151
The Nonaligned World = 1151
The Growth of European Autonomy = 1152
Toward Unity = 1154
The Revolution in Eastern Europe = 1155
The Collapse of the Soviet Union = 1157
Moscow : From Communist Hub to Capitalist Metropolis = 1162
The Soviet Union in Retrospect = 1162
"Doomed to Coexistence" : Reflections on D$$e'$$tente = 1148
Perestroika : Reform in Gorbachev's USSR = 1159
Vaclav Havel on the End of the Modern Era = 1164
EPILOGUE
History, Time, and Progress = 1166
Global Implications of Progress = 1167
Science, Technology, and the Environment = 1168
Facing the Future : History as Freedom = 1170
CREDITS = C-1
INDEX = Ⅰ-1
