CONTENTS
Preface / by Mrs Cresson = 3
General introduction = 9
PART ONE "INVENTING TOMORROW" - THE NEW WATERSHED IN EUROPEAN RESEARCH AND INNOVATION POLICY = 13
Introduction : A major change as fundamental as the creation of the Framework Programme itself = 15
Chapter 1. Bringing together research, innovation and society in Europe = 17
1.1 The advent of the third phase policies(the pairing of innovation and society) = 17
1.2 Traditional reasons for and socio-political objectives of public action to promote research and innovation = 22
1.3 Development and achievements of European policy(1984-1994) : a brief overview = 28
1.4 The fifth Framework Programme and its focus on topics of major importance to growth and employment = 35
1.5 "Key actions" : decompartmentalising research for growth and employment = 49
1.6 Consolidating the European research and innovation area = 52
PART TWO EUROPE MUST INVEST MORE AND INVEST BETTER IN THE FUTURE = 57
Introduction : Revitalisation through intangible investment = 59
Chapter 2. The macroeconomic context of the 1990s = 61
2.1 Research and innovation policies in the economic context of the 1990s = 61
2.2 Research and innovation policies, essential complements to long-term European policies of growth and monetary stability = 65
2.3 European performances in growth, competitiveness and employment = 68
Chapter 3. Why must Europe invest more and invest better in research and innovation ? = 81
3.1 Investment in RTD helps productivity and jobs = 81
3.2 Europe has an ageing population, so it will need to increase its productivity considerably = 89
3.3 Relatively Europe invests less than the USA and Japan in RTD and human resources = 96
3.4 In Europe, the trend in both state and private enterprise is towards less rather than more research effort = 103
3.5 Europe is less effective than its competitors in exploiting its excellent scientific potential to best economic and social advantage = 112
PART THREE DEEPENING INTERACTION BETWEEN SOCIETY, INNOVATION AND EUROPE IN THE 21ST CENTURY = 127
Introduction : The new background to innovation and technological competitiveness = 129
Chapter 4. "Society the endless frontier" = 137
4.1 New growth and social demand articulation : from Keynesian to Pasinettian demand stimulation policies? = 137
4.2 The social shaping of technology and public "socio-technical" action = 145
Chapter 5. Encouraging innovative coalitions by "professionalising" public action(innovative approaches to action) = 153
5.1 Producer-user asymmetries and problems of mediation = 153
5.2 "Professionalising" public action : the "evolutionary" approach, mixed assessment criteria, financial diversification, the assessment of players = 158
Chapter 6. Towards a true European system of research and innovation(making the most of European diversity and coherence) = 163
6.1 National systems of innovation which are diversified and insufficiently inter1inked? = 165
6.2 Towards a common vision of future challenges and missions = 180
6.3 The three avenues of consolidation : towards greater co-ordination of public policies in Europe = 186
Conclusions = 193
Bibliography = 195
