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The Cambridge History of Ancient China provides a survey of the cultural history of pre-imperial China. Fourteen leading specialists on early Chinese history and archaeology cover more than one thousand years. There are two chapters for each time-period - Shang, Western Zhou, Spring and Autumn, and Warring States: one on institutional history, based on both traditional and palaeographic literature, and one on material culture, based on archaeological evidence. There are also chapters on the Neolithic background, language, intellectual history, relations with Central Asia, and the debts of both the Qin and Han empires to these earlier time-periods. Although written by specialists, this Cambridge history aims to explain and describe pre-imperial China to an audience that will include scholars and students, as well as general readers without specialized knowledge of Chinese history. It can be consulted as a work of reference, or read continuously, alone or as part of The Cambridge History of China series.

The Cambridge History of Ancient China provides a survey of the institutional and cultural history of pre-imperial China.

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CONTENTS
List of Maps, Tables, and Figures page = xiii
Conventions = xxiv
Abbreviations = xxvii
Acknowledgments = xxviii
Introduction / Michael Loewe(University of Cambridge,) ; Edward L. Shaughnessy,(University of Chicago) = 1
  The Development of Historical Approaches and the Impact of Archaeology in the Study of Ancient China 2
  The Sources 7
    Licerary Sources = 7
    Material Sources = 10
  Chinas Idealized Past 11
  The Scope of the Present Volume 13
Calendar and Chronology / Edward L. Shaughnessy(Universicy of Chicago) = 19
The Environment of Ancient China / David N. Keightley(University of California, Berkeley) = 30
  Geography) 30
    The Coastline = 30
    The Major Rivers = 31
  Climate and Environment 33
1 China on the Eve of the Historical Period / Kwang-chih Chang(Harvard University and Academia Sinica) = 37
  The Palacographic Stage of East Asia and Its Settlement by Humans 37
  Beginnings of the Agricultural Way of Life 42
  Regional Cultures of the Earty Famers 47
    Xinglongwa, Xinle, and Hongshan Cultures, 48
    Yangshao Culture (5000-3000 B.C), 49
    Dawenkou Culture (5000,-3000 B.C.), 52
    Majiabang and Hemudu Cultures (5000-3500 B,C.) 52
    Daxi Culture (5000-3000 B.C.) 53
    Dapenkeng Culture (5000-2500 B.C.) 54
  Formation of a Chinese interaction Sphere and the Development of Reglonal Culturess 54
  The "Ten Thousand States" on the Eve of the Historical Period 59
  Mythology, China's Origins, and the Xia Dynasty 65
    The Cosmogony of the Ancient Periods, 66 * The Heroes, 68
    The Legendary Kings, 70
  The Question of the Xia Dynasty 71
2 Language and Writing / William G. Boltz(University of Washington) = 74
  The Chinese Language 75
    Austroasiatic, 81
    Indo-European, 83
    Periodzation, 88
    Typology, 91
    Linguistic Philosophy, 95
    The Sound System of Old Chinese, 100
  The Chinese Script
    The Zodiographic Stage, 109
    The Multivalent Stage, 114
    The Determinative Stage, 118
3 Shang Archaeology / Robert Bagley(Princeton University) = 124
  The Archaeology of the Shang Dynasty 126
  The Archaeology of Bronze Metallurgy 136
    A Definition of the Bronze Age, 136
    The Development of the Bronze Industry, 139
    The Archaeological Record, 155
  The Early Bronze Age 158
    Erlitou and the Erlitou Culture, 158
    Zhengzhou: Type Site of the Erligang Culture, 165
    Panlongchent and the Erligang Horizon, 168
    The Emergence of Regional Powers:Xin'gan and the Wucheng Culture, 171
    Sites of the Transition Period in Anhui, Hebei, and Shaannxi, 175
    Anyand ca. 1200 B.C., 180 *
    The Middle Yangzi Region: Southern Hubei, Northern Hunan, 208
    The CHengdu Plain: Sanxingdui, 212
    Sufutun, 219
    The Northern Zone, 221
    The Wei River Valley. 226
    Archaeology and Traditional History, 229
4 The Shaiig: China~s First Historical Dynasty / David N. Keightley(Utilversity of California, Berkeley) = 232
  SOLirces 233
    Traditioiial Accouiits, 233
    Brotize Inscriptions, 235
    Oracle-Bone Inscriptioiis, 236
  Chronology :147
    Absolute Datitig, 247
    Relative Dating, 249
  Time aiid the Calendai- 249
  Royal Shaiig Rcligion 251
    The Upper Pantlicon, 252
    The Aiicesuors, 255
    Treatment of the Dead, 263
  The Dytiast'tc State 269
    The Political and CUItLIral Landscape, 269
    The Roval Lincae = 270
    Non-Royal Lineages = 272
    Local Officers, Chiefs, aiicl Rulers, 272
    King List and Polity,, 273
    ROVal SUCCeSSiOn dild 'I'einplc Naiiies, 273
    The RoN,al WOrne", 274
    Political Geography,, 275
    Agriculture, 277
    Tribute Offerings aiid Service, 281
    Depeiident Labor, 282
    Nlobilization aiid W-I'FaFc, 284
    Slave Society,, 285
    Pcrsotinet Decistotis aiid Iiicipiciic Bureaucracy, 286
  Politicat atici Military Developiiieiits 288
  'Fhc Legacy of Shang 289
5 Western Zhou History /, Edward L. Shaughnessy(Univcrsicy of Chicago) = 292
  Sources 293
    Shang shu = 294
    Shifing, 295
    Zhou Yi 295
    LaLei Iiistoi-ics, 296
    Bronze Inscriptions, 296
    The Exteiit of Writing During the Western Zliou, 297
  Legendary Evidence for ZI-iou Before the Cofiquest of Shatig 299
  Inscriptional and Archaeological Evidence for Zhou BeCore the Cotiqtiest of Sliang 302
    Traditional AcCOLints, 303
    Sliang Oracle-Bone Evidence, 305
    Archacological Evidetice, 305
  'I'lic zlioLl ConqLiest of-Sliaii, 307
    Campaigns Uiider King Weii = 307
    The Conquest Campaign = 309
    The Death of King Wu and the Succession Crisis, 310
    Colonization of the East, 311
  The Philosophical Fouiidatioii of Zhou Rule 313
    The Role of Hcaven in Royal AuthoritY, 314
    The Debate Beu%veen Zhou Gong and Shao Gong = 315 The Retirement of Zhou Gong = 317
  Consolidation of Zhou Rule 317
    Appointments to RLile Latids as Secii in Bronze Inscriptiolls, 318
    Militafy FxpansiOn, 320
    Kitig Zliao's Sotirliern Campaign, 322
  The Middle Western Zhou Reforms 323
    War with the Xu Rong = 323
    Reform of the Zhou Military = 325
    Reform of Court Offices = 326
    Land RcfoIms = 326
  The Decline of the Zhou Royal House = 328
  The Development of the Late Western Zhou Worldview = 333
    Changes in Ritual and the Development of Poetry = 332
    Poetic Evocations and the Origin of the Zhou yi = 338
  The Decline and Fall of Western Zhou = 342
  The Legacy of Western Zhou = 351
6 Western Zhou Archaeology / Jessica Rawson(Mertoii College, Oxford) = 352
  The Material Record = 353
    Criteria for Dating = 358
    Inscriptions = 364
    Tombs. Hoards, and Archaeological Finds as Sources of Information = 368
  Pre-Conquest Shaanxi Province and the Zhou Conquest = 375
    Pre-Con？st Shaanxi = 375
    Adjacent Areas = 382
    The Conquest = 385
  Early Western Zhou = 390
    The Zhouyuan = 390
    The Capitals Feng and Hao = 393
    Small States and Outposts in Other Parts of Shaanxi = 397
    The States of Northern Central China = 403
  Middle Western Zhou = 414
    Sites and Their Bronzes = 414
    Southern Connections = 423
    Eastern China = 425
    The Han and Huai Rivers = 427
    Bells = 427
    The Use of Jade = 430
  Late Western Zhou = 433
    The Ritual Revolution = 43
    The State of Jin and Other Late Western Zhou Finds Outside Shaanxi = 440
  Conclusion = 446
7. The Waning of the Bronze Age: Material Culture and Social Developments, 770-481 B.C. / Lothar von Falkenhausen(University, of California, Los Angeles)
  Settlement Sites and Activity Areas = 453
  Bronzes: General Stylistic and Technological Trends = 463
  Cemeteries and Tombs in Northern and Central Henan = 470
  Finds from Jin Cemeteries = 481
  Finds from Qin Cemeteries = 486
  The Cemeteries at Qufu = 497
  Tombs of the High Elite In the Eastern Part of the Zhou Realm = 501
  The Middle Han River Basin = 510
  Early Chu Finds = 514
  The Southeastern Regional Cultures = 525
  Other Southern Regional Cultures = 539
  The Northern and Northeastern Regions = 542
  Conclusion = 542
8. The Spring and Autumn Period / Cho-yun Hsu(University of Pittsburgh and Academia Sinica = 545
  The Fall of the Western Zhou = 545
  The Beginning of the Spring and Autumn Period = 547
    The Zhou States = 547
    The Non-Zhou Peoples = 548
  The Formation of the Ba System = 551
    The Leadership of Zheng = 551
    The Leadership of Qi = 553
    Interstate Meetings = 556
    The Leadership of jinm = 558
    The Emergence of Chu = 560
  A Muhisiaic Systein 562
    A Balance of Power = 562
    The Rise of Wu and Yue = 563
    Transformation of the Ba System = 565
  Social Developments = 566
    Kinship Structure = 566
    Inclusion of Non-Zhou Elements = 569
  Changes in State Structure = 570
    Secondary Feudalization = 570
    State Administration = 572
    Local Administration = 574
  Economic Developments = 575
    Land Tenure and Production = 576
    Metallurgy = 578
    Commerce = 580
    The Appearance of Currency = 581
  Intellectual Developments = 583
    The Shi = 583
    A Weakening Tradition = 584
    Confucius = 585
  Conclusion = 586
9 Warring Stares: Political History / Mark Edward Lewis(University of Cambridge) = 587
  Sources = 528
    Chronicles = 588
    Works on Political Methods = 589
    Government Documents = 589
  Military Treatises = 590
    Persuasions = 590
    Texts of the Schools = 591
    Ritual Texts = 591
    Geographic Works = 592
    Poetry = 592
    Han Anecdotal Collections = 592
  The States = 593
    Yan = 594
    Qi = 595
    Wei = 595
    Zhao = 596
    Hann = 596
    Qin = 596
    Chu = 597
  The Ruler-Centered State = 597
  Institutions of the Warring States = 603
  The Formation of a Multistate World = 616
  The Military Arts = 620
    Composition = 621
    Armaments = 622
    Size of Armies = 625
    Scale = 628
    Defensive Walls = 629
    The Arts of War = 630
  Alliances and Persuaders = 632
    The Decline of Wei, 353-322 B.C. = 634
    Qin's Territorial Consolidation = 635
    The Period of Qi, 301-284 B.C. = 635
    The Period of Zhao, 284-260 B.C. = 638
  Scholars and the State = 641
  Human Geography = 645
10. The Art and Architecture of the Warring States Period / Wu Hung(University of Chicag) = 651
  Art and Architecture of tile Living = 653
    Architecture: Cities and Palaces = 653
    Art: Vessels, Ornaments, Painting, and Sculpture = 675
  Art and Architecture: for the Dead = 707
    Architecture: Graves and Graveyards = 708
    Art: Grave Furnishings = 727
11 The Classical Philosophical Writings / David Shepherd Nivison(Stanford University) = 745
  Sources = 745
  The Political Context = 747
  Basic Concepts = 748
  Confucius = 752
    As a Writer And Transmitter = 753
    Li = 755
    Consideration (shu) = 756
    Rectification of Names = 757
    Attitude to History = 758
  Mozi = 759
    Moral Values = 760
    Impartial Caring = 763
  Fourth Century: Yang- Zhu, Zi Huazi = 765
    Yi("Honor") and Its Value = 765
    The Cultivation of Sheng = 767
    The Mutual Recognition of Kings: The Jixia Academy = 769
  Mencius = 770
    The Acquisition of De = 771
    The Gloodness of Human Nature and the Cultivation of Morality = 773
    Nourishment of Qi and Ethical Values = 775
  The Sophists = 779
    Hui Shi: The Fallacy of Absolute Terms = 779
    Six Mohist Chapters: Limits and Their Possibility = 780
    Four Types of Argument = 78l
    Gongsun Long and the White Horse = 782
  Zhuangzi = 783
    The Basis of Knowledge: Non-Involvement = 783
    Detachment, Emotions, and Their Origin = 784
    Dao and Its Comprehension = 788
    Accommodation with Death = 789
  Xunzi = 790
    The Mind and Its Capacity = 792
  The Origins of Morality and the Need for Li = 794
    The Lessons and Values of the Past = 796
    "Zheng Ming," = 797
  Han Feizi, Laozi, Legalism, and Daoism = 799
    The Relations of Ruler and Minister = 800
    The Laozi, Zhuangzi, the Dao and De = 802
    Fa, Shu, and Shi = 806
  The L u ·· Shi chunqiu and Correlative Thinking = 908
    Yin-Yang and the Five Phases, or Powers = 809
    Correlative Thinking and Science = 810
12 Warring States Natural Philosophy and Occult Thought / Donald Harper(University of Arizona) = 813
  Definitions and Sources = 815
  Warring States Natural Experts and Occultists and Their Texts = 820
  Astrology and the Calendar = 831
    The Structure of Heaven = 833
    Almanacs and Oilier Astro-Calendrical Texts = 843
  Turtle and Milfoil Divination = 852
  Yin-Yang and Five Phases = 860
  Religion and Magic = 866
  Medicine = 874
  Conclusion = 883
13 The Northern Frontier in Pre-Imperial China / Nicola Di Cosmo(Harvard University) = 885
  Periodization of the Northern Zone Cultures = 888
    The Second Millennium B,C, = 889
    Western Zhou to Early Spring and Autumn (ca. 1000-650 B.C.) = 890
    Mid-Spring and Autumn to Early Warring States (ca. 650-350 B.C.) = 890
    Late Warring States to Qin (ca. 350-209 B.C.) = 892
  The Northern Frontier in the Second Millennium B.C. = 893
    The Northern Zone Complex: Defining Characteristics = 893
    Geographic Distribution = 896
    Relationship with the Shang Civilization = 902
    Relationship with Northern and Central Asia = 905
    Northern and Western Peoples in the Historical Records = 907
  Western Zhou to Early Spring and Autumn (Ca. 1000-650 B.C.) = 909
    Transition to Pastoral Nomadism = 909
    Evidence of Pastoralism in the Northern Zone = 912
    Distribution of Northern Cultures = 914
    Historical Survey = 919
  Mid-Spring anid Autumn Period to the Mid-Warring States (ca. 650-350 B.C.) = 924
    Development of Early Nomadic Cultures in Northern China = 924
    Major Archaeological Cultures = 927
    Metal Artifacts Associated with Early Nomadic Sites = 944
    Historical Survey = 947
  Late Warring States to Qin (ca. 350-209 B.C.) = 951
    Archaeological Cultures of the Northern Zone During the Late Warring States = 952
    Relations Between the Northern Nomads and Central States = 960
    Chinese Knowledge of the Northern Peoples = 962
    The Rise of the Xiongnu = 964
14 The Heritage Left to the Empires / Michael Loewe(University of Cainbridge) = 967
  The Creation of Empire and Its Hazards = 969
  The Lessons of the Past = 971
  Religious Rites = 978
  The Teachings of the Masters = 982,
    Huang Lao Thougt and Xing Ming = 986
  The Tradition of Kingship = 988
  A Sense of Unity = 991
    Mythology = 992
    Terminology = 992
    Zones and Hierarchies = 995
    A Cosmic System = 997
    Imperial Claims and Harsh Realities = 998
  Institutional Norms and Administrative Practice = 1002
    The Concept and Practice of Law = 1003
    Documentation = 1010
    The Calendar and Registers of the Population and the Land = 1012
    The Offices of State = 1016
    Military Organization = 1020
    Attempts at Economic Control = 1022
  Cities, Palaces, and Royal Shrines and Tombs = 1024
  Conclusion = 1031
Bibliography = 1033
Index = 1113