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This outstanding collection is designed to address the fundamental issues and principles underlying the task of Artificial Intelligence. The editors have selected not only papers now recognized as classics but also many specially commissioned papers which examine the methodological and theoretical foundations of the discipline from a wide variety of perspectives: computer science and software engineering, cognitive psychology, philosophy, formal logic and linguistics. Carefully planned and structured, the volume tackles many of the contentious questions of immediate concern to AI researchers and interested observers. Is Artificial Intelligence in fact a discipline, or is it simply part of computer science? What is the role of programs in AI and how do they relate to theories? What is the nature of representation and implementation, and how should the challenge of connectionism be viewed? Can AI be characterized as an empirical science? The comprehensiveness of this collection is further enhanced by the full, annotated bibliography. All readers who want to consider what Artificial Intelligence really is will find this sourcebook invaluable, and the editors will undoubtedly succeed in their secondary aim of stimulating a lively and continuing debate.

This outstanding collection is designed to address the fundamental issues and principles underlying the task of Artificial Intelligence.

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CONTENTS
List of contributors = vii
Preface = ix
Acknowledgments = xiii
1 Introduction = 1
 What is AI anyway? / Roger C. Schank = 3
 What kind of information processing is intelligence? / B. Chandrasekaran = 14
2 The formal foundations of AI = 47
 Non-monotonic reasoning versus logic programming : a new perspective / Teodor C. Przymusinski = 49
 Prolegomena to a theory of mechanized formal reasoning / Richar W. Weyhrauch = 72
3 Levels of theory = 95
 AI: a personal view / David Marr = 97
 Has AI helped psychology? / Margaret A. Boden = 108
 What's in an AI program? / Derek Partridge = 112
4 Programs and theories = 119
 One small head: models and theories / Yorick Wilks = 121
 The nature of AI principles / Alan Bundy and Stellan Ohlsson = 135
 Artificial Methodology meets philosophy / Thomas W. Simon = 155
5 The role of representaitons = 165
 Thinking machines: Can there be? Are We? / Terry Winograd = 167
 Evolution, error, and intentionality / Daniel C. Dennet = 190
6 The role of programs in AI = 213
 What kind of field is AI? / Alan Bundy = 215
 Programs in the search for intelligent machines : the mistaken foundations of AI / Eric Dietrich = 223
7 Rational reconstruction as an AI methodology = 235
 Three Novelties of AI: theories, programs and  rational reconstructions / J. A. Cambell = 237
 AM: a case study in AI methodology / G.D. Ritchie and F.K. Hanna = 247
8 Is AI special in regard to its methodology? = 267
 Is there anything special about AI? / Roger M. Needham = 269
 What sort of a thing is an AI experiment? / Karen Sparck Jones = 274
 We need better standards for AI research / John McCarthy = 282
9 Does connectionism provide a new paradigm for AI? = 287
 Why there has to be a language of thought / Jerry A. Fodor = 289
 Connectionism and the foundations of AI / Paul Smolensky = 306
 Some comments on Smolensky and Fodor / Yorick Wilks = 327
 Representation and high-speed computation in neural networks / Paul M. Chruchland = 337
10 The role of correctness in AI = 361
 Does AI have a  methodology different from software engineering? / Derek Partridge and Yorick Wilks= 363
 AI, computer science and eduation / Ranan Banerji = 373
11 Limitations on current AI technology = 381
 The challenge of open systems / Carl Hewitt = 383
 Towards a reconciliation of phenomenology and AI / Stuart E. Dreyfus and Hubert L. Dreyfus = 396
 The superarticulacy phenomenon in the context of software manufacture / Donald Michie = 411
12 Annotated bibliography on the foundations of AI / Imre Balogh and Brian M. Slator = 441
Index of names = 492