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CARlA BODO Board Member of the Cultural Information and Research Centres liaison in Europe (CIRCLE) and Director of the Observatory for the Performing Arts at the Department of the Performing Arts of the Italian Prime Minister's Office, Roma The relation between the public and the private sector in the field of culture, the central theme of this publication, was thoroughly debated during the 1997 CIRCLE Round Table in Amsterdam. It was not the first time CIRCLE addressed this issue. In 1988 CIRCLE'S Bureau was invited to participate in a seminar in Budapest on The State, the Market and Culture. I will never forget the emotional impact of Sacha Rubinstein's demonization of state sup­ port and his apotheosis of the role of the market in the cultural field in Russia. So, in ad­ vance of actual events, we suddenly had a premonition of what was going to happen, ofthe turmoil which was about to radically change the socio-political scene of Central and East­ ern Europe. Six years later, in 1994, we met again in Budapest for a Conference on The Distribu­ tion of Roles between Government and Arts Councils, Associations and Foundations.

CARlA BODO Board Member of the Cultural Information and Research Centres liaison in Europe (CIRCLE) and Director of the Observatory for the Performing Arts at the Department of the Performing Arts of the Italian Prime Minister's Office, Roma The relation between the public and the private sector in the field of culture, the central theme of this publication, was thoroughly debated during the 1997 CIRCLE Round Table in Amsterdam. It was not the first time CIRCLE addressed this issue. In 1988 CIRCLE'S Bureau was invited to participate in a seminar in Budapest on The State, the Market and Culture. I will never forget the emotional impact of Sacha Rubinstein's demonization of state sup­ port and his apotheosis of the role of the market in the cultural field in Russia. So, in ad­ vance of actual events, we suddenly had a premonition of what was going to happen, ofthe turmoil which was about to radically change the socio-political scene of Central and East­ ern Europe. Six years later, in 1994, we met again in Budapest for a Conference on The Distribu­ tion of Roles between Government and Arts Councils, Associations and Foundations.

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CONTENTS
Acknowledgements = 7
Focusing the Cultural Political Debate in Europe / Peter B. Boorsma ; Annemoon van Hemel ; Niki van der Wielen = 8
1 FOREWORD
  1.1 Carlo Bodo, Cultural Information and Research Centres Liaison in Europe (CIRCLE) = 15
  1.2 Theodoor H. Adams, Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, the Netherlands = 18
  1.3 Vera Boltho, Cultural Policy and Action Division of the Council of Europe 20 = 20
2 AN ANALYTICAL INTRODUCTION
  2.1 Privatizing the Muse 'and all that Jazz' / Peter B. Boorsma = 23
3 APPROACHES TO PRIVATIZATION AND CULTURE
  3.1 Rethinking the State's Role : Privatization, Economics and Cultural Policy / David Throsby = 49
  3.2 Beyond Privatization : The Hybridization of Museums and the Built Heritage / J. Mark Schuster = 58
  3.3 De­monopolizing Culture : Privatization and Culture in 23 European Countries / Cas Smithuijsen = 82
4 CASE STUDIES
  4.1 The Contradictions of D e ´ s e ´ tatisation : Museums in France / Fran ? oise Benhamou = 95
  4.2 Traditional Policy Tools and New Incentives : Built Heritage in Greece / Effie Karpodini­Dimitriadi = 111
  4.3 The Shotgun Wedding of Opera and Industry : Opera Houses in Italy / Ugo Bacchella = 120
  4.4 Who Laughs Last... : Film and Broadcasting in Hungary / Mih a ´ ly G a ´ lik = 142
  4.5 Unbinding Books : Publishing in the Czech Republic / Ji r ∨ ina S ∨ mejkalov a ´ = 142
  4.6 The Conflicts between Profits and Politics : Cultural Industries in Europe / Kirill Razlogov = 160
  4.7 Unlike Airlines and Phone Companies : Performing Arts in Europe / Dragan Klaic = 170
  4.8 Mixed Economy and Culture: Britain's Experience / Stephen Creigh­Tyte = 183
5 CONCLUSIONS / Peter E. Boorsma ; Annemoon van Hemel ; Niki van der Widen = 201
  Appendix A
    About the Authors = 210
  Appendix B
    CIRCLE'S Recommendations to the Council of Europe = 213
      Board of CIRCLE
  Appendix C
    c.1 Introduction to the Work of CIRCLE = 215
    c.2 Introduction to the Work of the Boekman Foundation = 218
    c.3 Introduction to the Department of Public Administration and Public Policy of Twente University = 220
  Appendix D
  Index = 221


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CONTENTS
Ausstellungskalendarium und beteiligte institutionen = 4
Koordinatorinnen und Organisatorinnen ­ Beratung f u ·· r das Gesamtprojekt = 4
Frauen ­ weit u ·· ber die Grenzen Heiderose Hildebrand = 5
Universum : handgross Annemarie Monteil = 7
Schweiz = 8
Griechenland = 14
La contribution des artistes grecques Sania Papa = 14
Deutschland = 20
Vereinigte Staaten = 23
Schachteln gestern ­ Schachteln morgen Rose Bilderbrand = 29
Liste der K u ·· nstlernnen = 30


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CONTENTS
CONTRIBUTORS = 4
CATALOGUE AND EXHIBITION CREDITS = 5
PRESIDENT'S FOREWORD / Dr. Marta Moreno Vega = 6
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS / Mora. Beauchamp­Byrd = 8
INTRODUCTION / Mora I. Beauchamp­Byrd = 10
LONDON BRIDGE : LATE 20TH CENTURY BRITISH ART AND THE ROUTES OF 'NATIONAL CULTURE' / Mora J. BeauchaMp­Byrd = 16
THE CARIBBEAN ARTISTS MOVEMENI 1966­1972 : A SPACE AND A VOICE FOR VISUAL PRACTICE / Anne Walmsley = 46
BODIES OF DIASPORA, VESSELS OF DESIRE: THE EROTIC AND THE AESTHETIC / Kobena Mercer = 53
RUNNING WITH THE HARK AND HUNTING WITH THE HOUNDS / Gilane Tawadros = 58
TALKING BACK : BLACK WOMEN'S VISUAL LIBERATION THROUGH PHOTOGRAPHY / Deborah Willis = 63
SURFING THE "BLACK" DIASPORIC WEB : POSTCOLONIAL BRITISH ART AND THE DECOLONIZATION OF U.S. VISUAL CULTURE / Judith Wilson = 69
THE EMERGENCE OF THE BLACK BRITISH ARTIST / Eddie Chambers = 77
A QUESTION OF PLACE : REVISIONS, REASSESSMENTS, DIASPORA / Okwui Enwezor = 80
EXHIBITION COLOR PLATES = 89
ARTIST BIOGRAPHIES = 119
CHRONOLOGY / Krista Thompson = 149
EXHIBITION CHECKLIST = 167
BIiBLOGRAPHY = 173
PHOTO CREDITS = 177