상세정보

Current environmental problems and technological risks are a challenge for a new institutional arrangement of the value spheres of Science, Politics and Morality. Distinguished authors from different European countries and America provide a cross-disciplinary perspective on the problems of political decision making under the conditions of scientific uncertainty. cases from biotechnology and the environmental sciences are discussed.
The papers collected for this volume address the following themes: (i) controversies about risks and political decision making; (ii) concepts of science for policy; (iii) the use of social science in the policy making process; (iv) ethical problems with developments in science and technology; (v) public and state interests in the development and control of technology.


Current environmental problems and technological risks are a challenge for a new institutional arrangement of the value spheres of Science, Politics and Morality. Distinguished authors from different European countries and America provide a cross-disciplinary perspective on the problems of political decision making under the conditions of scientific uncertainty. cases from biotechnology and the environmental sciences are discussed.
The papers collected for this volume address the following themes: (i) controversies about risks and political decision making; (ii) concepts of science for policy; (iii) the use of social science in the policy making process; (iv) ethical problems with developments in science and technology; (v) public and state interests in the development and control of technology.

정보제공 :

CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
INTRODUCTION / Ren e ´ von Schomberg = 1
PART I CONTROVERSIES ABOUT RISKS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS
  1 CONTROVERSIES AND POLITICAL DECISION MAKING / Ren e ´ von Schomberg
    1.1 Introduction
      1.1.1 Science: a functional authority? = 7
      1.1.2 Scientific controversies = 9
    1.2 The epistemic debate about the ecological effects of the deliberate release of genetically engineered organisms = 10
      1.2.1 Authoritive appeals to scientific principles versus analogies and counterfactual arguments = 11
      1.2.2 Prospective plausibility claims = 15
      1.2.3 The definition of problems by the experts and the inconsistent recommendations to the public and the political arena = 15
    1.3 Epistemic discussions within the context of contemporary political decision making = 17
    1.4 A discursive procedure under the conditions of administrative law = 20
    Notes = 24
    References = 25
  2 CONTROVERSIES ABOUT RISKS AND THEIR RELATION TO DIFFERENT PARADIGMS IN BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH / Regine Kollek
    2.1 Introduction = 27
    2.2 Perspectives in risk assessment = 28
    2.3 Controversial concepts of the relationship between genotype and pheno type = 30
    2.4 The epistemic background of experimental science and the limits of experimental knowledge = 32
    2.5 Conclusions and consequences for scientific and political discourse = 35
    References = 40
  3 PROBABILISTIC UNCERTAINTY AND TECHNOLOGICAL RISKS / Kristin S. Shrader-Frechette
    3.1 Introduction and overview = 43
    3.2 The probabilistic explanation = 44
      3.2.1 Knowledge of probabilities and societal aversion to risks = 45
      3.2.2 Do probabilities, alone, adequately define 'risk'? = 49
    3.3 Risk controversy and beliefs about probabilities = 50
    3.4 Lessons learned from experts' claims about societal risks = 53
    3.5 Conclusion = 54
    Notes = 55
PART II CONCEPTS OF SCIENCE FOR POLICY
  4 A NEW BRANCH OF SCIENCE, Inc. / Helga Nowotny
    4.1 The separation of science from public policy = 63
    4.2 How rational is the policy process? = 65
    4.3 Science contested: science for whom? = 68
    4.4 Between orthodoxy and reformism? = 71
    4.5 The rise of the managerial conception of science for public policy = 73
    Notes = 7
    Managerial Science, Inc. Revisited = 78
    References = 84
  5 THE EMERGENCE OF POST-NORMAL SCIENCE / Silvio Funtowicz ; Jerome Ravetz
    5.1 Introduction = 85
    5.2 Uncertainties in research related to policy = 86
    5.3 Uncertainty, quality and values in science for policy = 90
    5.4 The discovery of uncertainty in science = 93
    5.5 Professional consultancy = 96
    5.6 Three types of problem-solving strategies = 98
    5.7 Quality assurance and post-normal science = 104
    5.8 Post-normal science in historical perspective = 110
    5.9 Social aspects of post-normal science = 113
    5.10 Philosophical perspective on post-normal science = 116
    5.11 Political epistemology and post-normal science = 119
    Notes = 122
    References = 122
PART III THE USE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE IN THE POLICY MAKING PROCESS
  6 ARGUMENTATION AND POWER IN EVALUATION-RESEARCH AND IN ITS UTILIZATION IN THE POLICY MAKING PROCESS / Igno M.A.M. Pr o ·· pper
    6.1 Introduction = 127
    6.2 Sound argumentation: a definition = 129
    6.3 Power: a definition = 131
    6.4 Defining and specifying the question = 136
    6.5 Rules for discussion = 137
      A model procedure for discussions = 138
    6.6 A method of operationalising the rules for discussion = 141
    6.7 The assessment of discussions = 143
    6.8 An example of an application: empirical research into argumentation and the exercise of power = 146
    6.9 Final remarks = 151
    Notes = 152
    References = 156
PART IV ETHICAL PROBLEMS WITH DEVELOPMENTS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
  7 SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE, DISCOURSE ETHICS, AND CONSENSUS FORMATION ON PUBLIC POLICY ISSUES / Matthias Kettner
    7.1 Introduction = 161
    7.2 The theoretical level of discourse ethics: deriving prescriptive contents from presuppositions of argumentation = 162
      7.2.1 Discourse as product and as process = 164
      7.2.2 Dialogical universalisability, and the practical discourse demand = 165
    7.3 Prescriptive contents on the practical level of discourse ethics = 166
      7.3.1 The normative notion of a consensual etiology = 166
      7.3.2 The level of practical discourse: five morally relevant constraints = 167
    7.4 Scientific knowledge and consensus formation about nuclear power = 169
      7.4.1 Economic interests and ideological factors = 170
    7.5 Mandated science = 172
    7.6 Why mandated science cannot be a substitute of a morally relevant consensus = 173
    7.7 Post Chernobyl = 175
    Notes = 176
    References = 178
  8 THE ARGUMENT ABOUT A NEW PARADIGM FOR HEALTH RESEARCH / Rainer Hohlfeld
    8.1 Introduction = 181
    8.2 The concept of high technology in medicine = 182
    8.3 Halfway technology in medicine and the shortcomings of the biomedical approach = 184
    8.4 The world of the medical and biomedical model = 186
    8.5 Prerequisites for an inclusive model in health research = 187
    References = 188
  9 AIDS AND HUMAN RIGHTS: A SOCIETAL CHOICE / Daniel Borrillo
    9.1 Introduction = 189
    9.2 Epidemic Management by the rule of law = 191
    9.3 The role of the physician under the rule of law = 193
    9.4 Words and Deeds in official epidemic management = 194
    9.5 The epidemic in the state of European law = 195
    9.6 Examples of loopholes in the rule of law = 196
    9.7 Conclusion = 198
    Notes = 199
PART V PUBLIC AND STATE INTERESTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND CONTROL OF TECHNOLOGY
  10 BIOTECHNOLOGY AND SOCIAL PERCEPTION / Olaf Diettrich
    10.1 Introduction = 207
    10.2 The scene of conflict = 208
    10.3 The social dimension = 211
    10.4 Knowledge and attitudes = 214
    References = 219
  11 SCIENTIFIC CONTROVERSIES IN FOOD BIOTECHNOLOGY / Piet Schenkelaars
    11.1 Introduction = 221
    11.2 Repair of the environment = 222
    11.3 Food quality = 227
    11.4 Conclusions = 230
INDEX = 231