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This book explores the tradition of the 'science of man' in French medicine of the era 1750?1850, focusing on controversies about the nature of the 'physical-moral' relation and their effects on the role of medicine in French society. Its chief purpose is to recover the history of a holistic tradition in French medicine that has been neglected because it lay outside the mainstream themes of modern medicine, which include experimental, reductionist, and localistic conceptions of health and disease. Professor Williams also challenges existing historiography, which argues that the 'anthropological' approach to medicine was a short-term by-product of the leftist politics of the French Revolution. This work argues instead that the medical science of man long outlived the Revolution, that it spanned traditional ideological divisions, and that it reflected the shared aim of French physicians, whatever their politics, to claim broad cultural authority in French society.

This book explores the tradition of the 'science of man' in French medicine of the era 1750?1850.

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CONTENTS
List of illustrations = ⅸ
Acknowledgments = xi
List of abbreviations = xiii
Introduction = 1
1 Montpellier vitalism and the science of man = 20
 The contours of eighteenth-century medicine = 23
 The scientific world of Montpellier = 25
 The singularity of life = 29
 "The well-ordered life" = 41
 The vital principle = 46
 Vitality and variability: Age, sex, temperament, climate = 50
 The impact of Montpellier vitalism = 63
2 Anthropological medicine and the medical revolution = 67
 The institutional framework of the medical revolution = 69
 Theory and therapeutics: The Montpellier-Paris connection = 73
 The medical revolution and Ideology = 76
 Epistemology and method: Observation, analysis, and the primacy of sensation = 78
 From physiology to moral science: Programs for anthropological medicine = 85
 The doctrine of human types = 94
 Commentary on Gall: The politics of limited perfectibility = 105
 The science of man in the era of Bonaparte = 111
3 Medical Politics under the Restoration: The fragmentation of the science of man = 115
 Renouncing Ideology = 122
 Montpellier as the bulwark of orthodoxy = 136
 Eclecticism in Montpellier = 140
 The science of man at work: Hygiene and mental medicine = 151
 The "physiological and medicine" ofF. J. V. Broussais = 166
4 Decline and dispersal: The science of man, 1830-1848 = 176
 The reemergence of phrenology = 182
 Charting the brain and nervous system = 188
 Mutations of vitalism: Medical conservatives and the science of man = 196
 Seeking middle ground: Medical physiology and race theory in Paris = 201
 Social-Christian medicine = 213
 Medicine and ethnology = 224
 E. R. A. Serres and the emergence of anthropology = 233
Epilogue: The science of man after 1850: The power of tradition = 244
Index = 273