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In his groundbreaking new book, John Pollock establishes an outpost at the crossroads where artificial intelligence meets philosophy. Specifically, he proposes a general theory of rationality and then describes its implementation in OSCAR, an architecture for an autonomous rational agent he claims is the "first AI system capable of performing reasoning that philosophers would regard as epistemically sophisticated."



A sequel to Pollock's How to Build a Person, this volume builds upon that theoretical groundwork for the implementation of rationality through artificial intelligence. Pollock argues that progress in AI has stalled because of its creators' reliance upon unformulated intuitions about rationality. Instead, he bases the OSCAR architecture upon an explicit philosophical theory of rationality, encompassing principles of practical cognition, epistemic cognition, and defeasible reasoning. One of the results is the world's first automated defeasible reasoner capable of reasoning in a rich, logical environment.

Underlying Pollock's thesis is a conviction that the tenets of artificial intelligence and those of philosophy can be complementary and mutually beneficial. And, while members of both camps have in recent years grown skeptical of the very possibility of "symbol processing" AI, Cognitive Carpentry establishes that such an approach to AI can be successful.

A Bradford Book

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CONTENTS
Preface = xi
1 Rational Agents
 1. Two Concepts of Rationality = 1
 2. The Goal of Rationality = 6
 3. Precursors of Rationality = 8
 4. Mechanisms of Cognition = 9
 5. The Logical Structure of Practical Rationality = 12
 6. An Overview of Practical Rationality = 32
 7. Interfacing Epistemic and Practical Cognition = 36
 8. Reasons, Arguments, and Defeasibility = 38
 9. Reflexive Cognition = 43
 10. Interest-Driven Reasoning = 46
 11. The Project = 49
2 Epistemology from the Design Stance
 1. Epistemology and Cognition = 51
 2. Perception = 52
 3. Justification and Warrant = 58
 4. The Statistical Syllogism = 59
 5. Generalizations of the Statistical Syllogism = 67
 6. Direct Inference and Definite Probabilities = 72
 7. Induction = 77
 8. Other Topics = 83
3 The Structure of Defeasible Reasoning
 1. Reasons and Defeaters = 85
 2. Arguments and Inference Graphs = 86
 3. Defeat among Inferences - Uniform Reasons = 91
 4. Taking Strength Seriously = 93
 5. Other Nonmonotonic Formalisms = 104
 6. Computing Defeat Status = 109
 7. Self-defeating Arguments = 115
 8. A New Approach = 120
 9. The Paradox of the Preface = 125
 10. Justification and Warrant = 132
 11. Logical Properties of Ideal Warrant = 138
 12. Conclusions = 140
4 An Architecture for Epistemic Cognition
 1. Criteria of Adequacy for a Defeasible Reasoner = 141
 2. Building a Defeasible Reasoner = 147
 3. The Possibility of a D.E.-Adequate Reasoner = 149
 4. An Interest-Driven Monotonic Reasoner = 151
 5. An Interest-Driven Defeasible Reasoner = 162
 6. An Architecture for Epistemic Cognition = 166
 7. Conclusions = 170
5 Plan-Based Practical Reasoning
 1. Practical Cognition = 175
 2. The Inadequacy of the Decision-Theoretic Model = 179
 3. Integrating Plans into the Decision-Theoretic Model = 184
 4. Warrant versus Reasoning = 199
 5. Resurrecting Classical Decision Theory = 203
 6. Simplifying the Decision Problem = 205
 7. Conclusions = 212
6 The Logical Structure of Plans
 1. Plans, Desires, and Operations = 213
 2. Plans as Programs = 217
 3. Plans as Graphs = 221
 4. The Expected-Value of a Plan = 229
7 An Architecture for Planning
 1. Practical Reasoning = 235
 2. Planning = 237
 3. Scheduling = 241
 4. The PLANNING-INITIATOR = 244
 5. Complex Desires = 251
 6. The PLAN-SYNTHESIZER = 259
 7. The PLAN-UPDATER = 265
 8. An Architecture for Planning = 275
 9. The Doxastification of Planning = 277
8 Acting
 1. Reactive Agents and Planning Agents = 289
 2. The PLAN-EXECUTOR = 290
 3. The ACTION-INITIATOR = 296
9 OSCAR
 1. Constructing an Artilect = 299
 2. The General Architecture = 305
 3. Examples = 327
 4. The Status of the OSCAR Project = 358
References = 363
Index = 373