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MICHAEL S. GAZZANIGA The investigation of the human brain and mind involves a myriad of ap­ proaches. Cognitive neuroscience has grown out of the appreciation that these approaches have common goals that are separate from other goals in the neural sciences. By identifying cognition as the construct of interest, cognitive neuro­ science limits the scope of investigation to higher mental functions, while simultaneously tackling the greatest complexity of creation, the human mind. The chapters of this collection have their common thread in cognitive neuroscience. They attack the major cognitive processes using functional stud­ ies in humans. Indeed, functional measures of human sensation, perception, and cognition are the keystone of much of the neuroscience of cognitive sci­ ence, and event-related potentials (ERPs) represent a methodological "coming of age" in the study of the intricate temporal characteristics of cognition. Moreover, as the field of cognitive ERPs has matured, the very nature of physiology has undergone a significant revolution. It is no longer sufficient to describe the physiology of non-human primates; one must consider also the detailed knowledge of human brain function and cognition that is now available from functional studies in humans-including the electrophysiological studies in humans described here. Together with functional imaging of the human brain via positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), ERPs fill our quiver with the arrows required to pierce more than the single neuron, but the networks of cognition.

MICHAEL S. GAZZANIGA The investigation of the human brain and mind involves a myriad of ap­ proaches. Cognitive neuroscience has grown out of the appreciation that these approaches have common goals that are separate from other goals in the neural sciences. By identifying cognition as the construct of interest, cognitive neuro­ science limits the scope of investigation to higher mental functions, while simultaneously tackling the greatest complexity of creation, the human mind. The chapters of this collection have their common thread in cognitive neuroscience. They attack the major cognitive processes using functional stud­ ies in humans. Indeed, functional measures of human sensation, perception, and cognition are the keystone of much of the neuroscience of cognitive sci­ ence, and event-related potentials (ERPs) represent a methodological "coming of age" in the study of the intricate temporal characteristics of cognition. Moreover, as the field of cognitive ERPs has matured, the very nature of physiology has undergone a significant revolution. It is no longer sufficient to describe the physiology of non-human primates; one must consider also the detailed knowledge of human brain function and cognition that is now available from functional studies in humans-including the electrophysiological studies in humans described here. Together with functional imaging of the human brain via positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), ERPs fill our quiver with the arrows required to pierce more than the single neuron, but the networks of cognition.

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CONTENTS
Foreword / Michael S. Gazzaniga = ⅴ
Contributors = xi
1. The Cuing of Attention to Visual Field Locations : Analysis with ERP Recordings / Steven A. Hillyard ; Steven J. Luck ; George R. Mangun = 1
2. Selective Visual Attention : Selective Cuing, Selective Cognitive Processing, and Selective Response Processing / G. Mulder ; A. A. Wijers ; K. A. Brookhuis ; H. G. O. M. Smid ; L. J. M. Mulder = 26
3. Orienting Attention in the Visual Fields : An Electrophysiological Analysis / George R. Mangun = 81
4. The Order of Global- and Local-Level Information Processing : Electrophysiological Evidence for Parallel Perceptual Processes / H. -J. Heinze ; S o ·· nke Johannes ; T. F. M u ·· nte ; George R. Mangun = 102
5. Event-Related Potentials and Stimulus Repetition in Direct and Indirect Tests of Memory / Michael D. Rugg ; Michael C. Doyle = 124
6. Slow Potentials During Long-Term Memory Retrieval / Frank R o ·· sler ; Martin Heil ; Erwin Hennighausen = 149
7. Event-Related Potentials Dissociate Immediate and Delayed Memory / L. Nielsen-Bohlman ; R. T. Knight = 169
8. What Is Who Violating? A Reconsideration of Linguistic Violations in Light of Event-Related Brain Potentials / Marta Kutas ; Robert Kluender = 183
9. ERP Negativities During Syntactic Processing of Written Words / T. F. M u ·· nte ; H. -J. Heinze = 211
10. ERP Mapping： A Tool for Assessing Language Disorders? / Daniel Brandeis ; Dietrich Lehmann = 239
11. Threshold Variations in Cortical Cell Assemblies and Behavior / N. Birbaumer ; W. Lutzenberger ; T. Elbert ; T. Trevorrow = 248
12. The Influence of Hand Movements on Cortical Negative DC Potentials / J. Niemann ; T. Winker ; A. Hufschmidt ; C. H. L u ·· cking = 265
13. Principles of Electrogenesis of Slow Field Potentials in the Brain / E. -J. Speckmann ; U. Altrup ; A. Lu u ·· cke ; R. K o ·· hling = 288
14. The Neural Substrates of Cognitive Event-Related Potentials： A Review of Animal Models of P3 / Ken A. Paller = 300
15. Theta and Delta Responses in Cognitive Event-Related Potential Paradigms and Their Possible Psychophysiological Correlates / Erol Basar ; Martin Sch u ·· rmann ; Canan Basar-Eroglu ; Tamer Demiralp = 334
16. Magnetoencephalogy in the Study of Human Brain Functions / Riitta Hari = 368
Keyword Index = 379