CONTENTS
Foreward = ⅴ
Preface = ⅶ
Notation = xv
Introduction = xix
Chapter 1 Coefficients of Energy Transformation(CET) and Exergy Efficiency(CEE) for Different Industrial Systems = 1
1.1 Thermodynamic Approaches to Evaluating System Performance = 1
1.2 Efficiency in Mechanics, Hydraulics and Electrical Technics = 4
1.3 Coefficient of Energy Transformation(CET) and Efficiency = 9
Chapter 2 The Concepts and Values Needed for Determination of CEE = 17
2.1 Energy and Exergy = 17
2.2 The Particulatities of the Notions of "Environment" and "Surroundings" in Exergy Analysis = 34
2.2.1 Independence of the Environment's Parameters from its Interaction with a System = 35
2.2.2 Equilibrium in an Environment = 35
2.2.3 Chemical Composition of Environment = 37
2.2.4 The Choice of Reference Substances in Local Environment = 39
2.3 The Exergy of Steady Matter Flow = 42
2.3.1 Thermomechanical Exergy ad its Components = 42
2.3.2 The Region of Values for "e" = 44
2.3.3 The Status of Matter Flow Exergy in the System of Thermodynamic Functions = 50
2.3.4 The Definition of Exergy Components = 61
2.4 Chemical Exergy and its Parts = 68
2.5 The Exergy of Industrial Fuels = 79
2.6 The Exergy of Solutions = 80
2.7 Exergy of Energy Flows = 86
2.7.1 Exergy of Heat Flow = 86
2.7.2 The Region of Values of "T$$_{e}$$" = 88
2.7.3 The Exergy Scale of Temperature = 91
2.7.4 The Exergy of Radiation = 93
Chapter 3 Coeefficients of Exergy Efficiency = 96
3.1 Kinds and Characteristics of Exergy Losses = 96
3.2 Generalized Determination of the CEE:Statement of the Problem = 98
3.3 Approaches to Determination of the CEE in Thermodynamic Systems = 108
3.4 Calculation of Transit Exergy = 111
3.5 Recommendations for Determination of CEE at Different Levels of Exergy Analysis = 125
Chapter 4 CEE Reflecting a System's Internal Thermodynamic Efficiency = 145
4.1 CEE of Closed Engineering Systems = 145
4.2 CEE of the Main Processes in the Systems for Energy and Material Transformation = 151
4.2.1 Compression of Gases and Liquids = 153
4.2.2 Expansion of Gases and Liquids = 166
4.2.3 Heat Exchange = 189
4.2.4 Mixing of Different Compounds = 195
4.2.5 Separation of Mixtures = 201
4.2.6 Chemical Reactions = 221
Chapter 5 Fields of Application of CEE = 232
5.1 Basic Concept = 232
5.2 Creation of Enineering Systems - "To be or not to be?" = 236
5.3 Extimation of New Phenomena for Improvement of Engineering Systems = 245
5.4 Thermodynamic Analysis of Engineering Systems = 253
5.5 Thermodynamic Optimization of Engineering Systems = 264
Chapter 6 Generalized Dependence of the Efficiency of the System on the Efficiency of the System Elements = 274
6.1 Structure of Engineering Systems and the Internal Connection of its Elements = 274
6.2 Ralationships of the Efficiency of a System and its Elements Connected in Series and in Parallel = 277
6.3 Relationship of the Efficiency of a System and its Elements in any Complex Connections = 286
6.4 Application of the General Formula Relating Efficiency of a System and its Efficiencies of its Component Parts for the Analysis and Thermodynamic Optimization of Engineering Systems = 293
6.4.1 Basic Concepts = 293
6.4.2 Static Exergy Analysis of Engineering Systems = 294
6.4.3 Dynamic Exergy Analysis of Engineering Systems = 306
6.4.4 Thermodynamic Optimization of Engineering System's Flowsheets = 319
6.4.5 Generalization of the Method = 346
Chapter 7 The Functions of Technical Value and its Relationship with CEE. Application to Energy Storage and Upgrading by Separation and Mixing = 350
7.1 Storage and Upgrading of Energy by Separation and Mixing(SUESAM) Processes = 350
7.2 The Sorption Heat Pump(S.H.P.) : Exergy Analysis = 358
7.3 Technical Apprasisal of a S.H.P. = 373
7.4 Technical Apprasisal of Hybrid Systems(Absorption-Compression) to Upgrade Industrial Waste Heat = 383
Chapter 8 Efficiency in Techno-Economic and Ecological Calculations = 395
8.1 Selection of Objective Functions for Thermodynamic and Techno-Economic Optimization : Their Relationship with Efficiency = 395
8.2 Compraison of the Exergetic and Operating Cost Optima of Heat Exchangers = 405
8.2.1 General Conditions of Minimum Exergy Consumption in a Differential Slice of a Heat Exchanger = 405
8.2.2 General Conditions of Overall Operating Cost Minimization in a Differential Slice of a Heat Exchanger = 418
8.2.3 Optimization of a Double-Pipe Heat Exchanger = 422
8.3 Efficiency Applications to Costing in Multi-Product Plants = 428
8.4 Optimization of Equipment and Operating Costs = 442
8.4.1 Pro-Exergetica and Anti-Exergetic Equipments = 442
8.4.2 Cumulative Exergy-Cost Diagram(CECD) = 446
8.5 Efficiency of Biological Processes = 457
References = 464
Index = 484
