CONTENTS
Preface = xv
part 1 Basic Physiology Underlying the Study of Physiology of Exercise = 1
1 The why of Physiology of Exercise = 3
Why Physical Fitness? = 4
Improving Human Athletic Performance = 4
Professionalism in Physical Education and Athletics = 5
"Get Some Exercise" = 6
Gender and Age Differences in Response to Training = 6
Scientific Method = 7
Overview of Text = 8
2 Structure of Muscle Tissue = 10
Gross Structure of Skeletal Muscle = 11
Microscopic Structure of Skeletal Muscle = 11
Structure of the Muscle Cell or Fiber = 12
Muscle Fiber Types = 15
Structure of the Myofibril and the Contractile Mechanism = 17
Blood Supply and Lymphatics = 23
Nerve Supply = 23
3 Energetics of Muscular Contraction and Adaptations to Training at the Cellular Level = 28
Energetics of Muscular Contraction = 29
Adaptations to Training and Conditioning at the Cellular Level = 34
Energy Substrate and Training = 39
4 The Physiology of Muscle Contraction = 46
Physiology of Gross Muscle Contraction = 47
Electromyography in Analysis of Muscle Function = 56
5 The Nervous System and Coordination of Muscular Activity = 68
The Neuron and the Motor Unit = 69
The Reflex Arc and Involuntary Movement = 70
Intersegmental and Suprasegmental Reflexes = 71
Proprioception and Kinesthesis = 72
The Alpha and Gamma Systems for Muscular Control = 78
Higher Nerve Centers and Muscular Control = 82
Posture, Balance, and Voluntary Movement = 84
Perception of Effort = 85
Use-Disuse Phenomena in the Nervous System = 85
Does Viscerosomatic Motor Inhibition Limit Exercise? = 86
Practical Considerations = 86
6 The Heart and Exercise = 93
Review of the Cardiac Cycle = 94
The Cardiac Output = 95
Coronary Circulation and Efficiency of the Heart = 103
Factors Affecting the Heart Rate = 105
The Heart Rate during and after Exercise = 106
Effects of Athletic Training on the Heart = 109
Training Effects at the Cellular Level = 109
The Cardiac Reserve Capacity = 110
Heart Murmurs = 110
7 The Circulatory System and Exercise = 115
Hemodynamics : Principles Governing Blood Flow = 116
The Microcirculation : Blood Flow through the Capillary Bed = 118
Control of Blood Distribution = 120
Blood Distribution in Rest and Exercise = 121
Blood Pressure = 122
Arterial Blood Pressure during Exercise = 125
Blood Flow in Exercising Muscles = 126
Blood and Fluid Changes during Exercise = 129
Blood and Fluid Changes form Training = 129
8 The Lungs and External Respiration = 136
Anatomy of External Respiration = 137
Mechanics of Lung Ventilation = 137
Nomenclature for the Lung Volumes and Capacities = 139
Respiratory Control = 139
Importance of Breathing Pattern = 142
Efficiency of Breathing = 145
Improving Performance by Better Breathing = 146
Training Effects on Pulmonary Function = 146
Respiratory Phenomena = 147
Unusual Respiratory Maneuvers = 148
Effects of Air Pollution on Respiration = 150
Smoking - Self-Induced Air Pollution = 151
9 Gas Transport and Internal Respiration = 156
Properties of Gasses and Liquids = 157
Gas Transport by the Blood = 159
Internal Respiration = 160
Regulation of Acid-Base Balance = 162
Acid-Base Balance as a Factor Limiting Performance = 165
Changes in Lung Diffusion in Exercise = 165
Use of Oxygen to Improve Performance = 166
What Sets the Limits of Aerobic Power? = 167
10 The Endocrine System and Exercise = 172
Nature of Hormones = 173
Importance of Hormones in Exercise and Sports = 175
Endocrine Effects on Performance-Related Parameters = 176
Pituitary-Adrenocortical Axis and Stress Theory = 177
Effect of Exercise on Endocrine Function = 180
11 The Immune System and Exercise = 192
The Immune System = 193
Nonspecific Immune Mechanisms = 193
Specific Immune Mechanisms = 196
The Effects of Exercise and Immune Function = 199
Clinical Implications of Exercise and Immune Function = 202
12 Exercise Metabolism = 207
Definition of Terms = 208
Methods for Standardizing and Measuring Exercise Loads = 210
Methods for Measuring Energy Consumption = 214
Oxygen Deficit and Recovery Oxygen = 216
New Concepts Concerning Recovery Oxygen = 218
Training Effect on Anaerobic Metabolism and Recovery Oxygen = 221
Intermittent Work (Interval Training) = 221
Maximal O₂Consumption as a Measure of Physical Fitness = 222
Respiratory Quotient = 223
The Anaerobic Threshold Controversy = 224
Theoretical Problems with the Anaerobic Threshold Concept = 225
Negative Work = 226
part 2 Physiology Applied to Health and Fitness = 233
13 Health Benefits : Prophylactic and Therapeutic Effects of Exercise = 235
Physical Activity, Physical Fitness, and All-Cause Mortalitv = 236
The Cardiovascular System and Exercise = 237
Lipid Metabolism and Exercise = 241
Pulmonary Function Effects = 242
Oxygen Transport Effects = 242
Effects on Bones, Joints, and Connective Tissue = 242
Effects of Exercise on Cancer = 243
The "Tranquilizer Effect" = 244
Effect of Exercise on Psychiatric State = 245
14 Physical Fitness Testing = 252
Measurement of Physical Working Capacity (PWC) by Maximum O₂Consumption = 254
Estimation of PWC from Heart Rate at Submaximal Loads = 260
Measurement of Anaerobic Capabilities = 273
New Concepts in Measuring Physical Fitness = 275
Motor Fitness Tests = 280
The New AAHPERD Health Related Physical Fitness Test = 282
Physical Fitness Evaluation as a Function of Age Groups = 282
15 Physical Conditioning for Health and Fitness (Prescription of Exercise) = 287
Principles Involved in Scientific Prescription of Exercise = 289
Need for Medical Evaluation and Exercise Testing Prior to Participation in Endurance Exercise = 289
Training Curves = 292
Interval Training versus Continuous Exercise = 292
Recommendations of the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) for Developing Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Healthy Adults = 293
Mode of Exercise (ACSM Recommendation : Aerobic in Nature) = 293
Intensity of Exercise = 295
Duration of Exercise (ACSM Recommendation : Twenty to Sixty Minutes of Continuous Aerobic Exercise) = 297
Frequency of Exercise (ACSM Recommendation : Three to Five Days per Week) = 300
Exercise Prescription = 301
Effects of Gender and Age on Training Adaptations = 305
Specificity of Training = 305
Potential Physiological Changes Resulting from Training = 305
Training as a Stressor = 306
16 Exercise Physiology in the Prevention and Rehabilitation of Cardiovascular Disease = 311
Anatomy and Physiology of the Coronary Arteries = 313
Nature of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) = 314
Theories Regarding Causation of CHD = 315
The Risk Factor Concept in CHD = 317
Physiological Bases for Use of Exercise in CHD Prevention = 317
Exercise Physiology in Cardiac Rehabilitation = 319
Principles of Exercise Testing in Cardiac Rehabilitation = 320
Exercise Prescription for Cardiac Rehabilitation = 324
Weight Training for Cardiac Rehabilitation = 325
Program Development = 326
17 Metabolism and Weight Control = 334
Body Weight and Health = 335
Physiology of Weight Gain and Weight Loss = 335
What Is Normal Weight? = 337
Methods for Estimating Body Composition = 338
Gaining Weight = 346
Reducing Weight = 346
Water Retention in Weight Reduction Programs = 353
Spot Reducing = 354
The Long-Haul Concept of Weight Control = 354
18 Growth, Development, and Exercise in Children and Adolescents = 360
Growth, Development, and Maturation = 361
Normal Growth Patterns = 362
"Making Weight" in Athletics = 364
Exercise and Aerobic Fitness = 365
Exercise and Anaerobic Fitness = 368
Strength = 371
Weight Training versus Weight Lifting versus Body Building = 371
Weight Training during Prepubescence and Postpubescence = 372
Potential Hazards of Weight Training = 374
Characteristics of a Weight Training Program = 375
19 Age and Exercise = 380
Age Changes in Muscle Function = 383
Age and the Cardiovascular System = 387
Changes in Pulmonary Function = 388
Age and Physical Working Capacity (PWC) = 389
Age and the Nervous System = 391
Age and Body Composition = 392
Effects of Physical Conditioning on Losses in Functional Capacities Caused by Aging = 392
Principles for Conduct of Conditioning Programs for Older Men and Women (over Sixty) = 396
Implications for Physical Education and Athletics = 399
20 Neuromuscular Fatigue = 409
Historical Perspective = 410
Importance of Neuromuscular Fatigue = 411
Physiology of Fatigue = 413
Electromyographic Observations of Fatigue = 417
Psychological Effect of Fatigue (Staleness) = 418
part 3 Physiology of Training and Conditioning Athletes = 423
21 Physiology of Muscle Strength = 425
Physiology of Strength = 426
Methods for Measurement and Training of Strength = 432
Effect of Various Factors on Strength = 439
22 Development of Muscular and Circulorespiratory Endurance = 447
Endurance as a Factor in Human Performance = 448
Local or Muscular Endurance = 449
General or Circulorespiratory Endurance = 455
23 Efficien cy of Muscular Activity = 467
Aerobic versus Anaerobic Efficiency = 470
Running Economy = 470
Effect of Speed on Efficiency = 472
Effect of Work Rate on Efficiency = 474
Effect of Fatigue on Efficiency = 475
Diet and Efficiency = 475
Effects of Environmental Temperature = 475
Effect of Wind on Running Efficiency = 475
Effect of Obesity on Efficiency = 476
The Looseness Factor = 476
Acceleration-Deceleration versus Smooth Movement = 476
Pace and Efficiency = 477
Efficiency of Positive and Negative Work = 478
24 Speed = 484
Intrinsic Speed of Muscle Contraction = 485
Force-Velocity Relationship = 486
Specificity of Speed = 487
Strength and Speed = 488
Flexibility and Speed = 489
Body Mechanics and Speed in Running = 489
Body Mechanics and Speed in Swimming = 490
Physiological Considerations in the Design of Running Tracks = 490
Gender Differences in Speed of Movement = 490
Variation of Speed with Distance in Running and Swimming = 492
Limiting Factors in Speed = 492
Methods for Improving Sprint Speed = 494
25 Flexibility = 498
Physiology of Flexibility = 499
Measuring Flexibility = 501
Methods for Improving Range of Motion = 503
Weight Training and Flexibility = 507
Factors Affecting Flexibility = 507
26 Physiology of Muscle Soreness-Cause and Relief = 511
Immediate versus Delayed Muscle Pain = 512
Theoretical Basis for Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) = 512
Attempt at Unification and Simplification : Practical Aspects for Coach and Athlete = 518
Physiology Underlying Static Stretching = 519
Prevention of Muscular Soreness = 520
Relief of Muscular Soreness = 521
Severe Muscle Problems = 522
27 Warming Up = 527
Practice Effect versus Physiological Warm-Up = 528
Physiology of Warming Up = 528
Types of Warm-Up = 531
Effect of Warm-Up on Various Athletic Activities = 532
Duration of the Warm-Up Effect = 534
Recovery between Events = 534
Warm-Up and Prevention of Muscle Injury = 535
Warm-Up and Heart Function = 535
28 Environment and Exercise = 540
Physiology of Adaptation to Heat and Cold = 541
Exercise in the Cold = 542
Exercise in the Heat = 544
Human Limitations in the Heat = 546
Acclimatization to Hot Environments = 551
Fluid and Electrolyte Replacement = 554
Exercise at High Altitudes = 555
29 Nutrition for Athletes = 562
Long-Term Dietary Considerations and Requirements = 563
Suggested Training Rules for Good Nutrition = 574
Effect of Exercise on the Function of the Stomach = 575
Pre-Event Objectives = 577
Pregame Procedure = 577
Glycogen Supercompensation (Carbohydrate Loading) for Endurance Events = 578
30 Special Aids to Performance = 583
Alkalinizers = 584
Phosphate Loading = 586
Amphetamines (Benzedrine) = 586
Anabolic Steroids = 587
Aspartates = 587
Blood Doping (Erythrocythemia) = 588
Blood Doping with Erythropoietin = 589
Caffeine = 590
Carbohydrate Feeding (Glucose, Fructose, and Glucose Polymer) = 591
Improving Lactate Tolerance by Lactate Ingestion = 592
Oxygen and Vitamins = 592
Wheat-Germ Oil = 592
31 The Female in Athletics = 599
Structural Gender Differences = 600
Physiological Gender Differences = 601
Female Limitations in Athletics = 602
Physiological Adaptations to Training in Females = 604
Adaptations to Strength Training in Females = 606
The Menstrual Cycle and Athletics = 610
Pregnancy, Childbirth, and Athletics = 612
Athletic Injuries = 615
Emotional Factors = 615
Index = 621
