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Software Quality Control, Error, Analysis

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CONTENTS
Part Ⅰ A guide to total software Quality control
 Volume 1 Overview of Techniques and the Planning Process
  1. INTRODUCTION = 3
   1.1 Purpose of the Guide = 3
   1.2 Scope of the Guide = 3
   1.3 Organization and Content of the Guide = 4
   1.4 What is Software Quality = 4
   1.5 What is Software Quality Control? = 7
   1.6 Why is it Difficult to Control Software Quality = 7
   1.7 What Dose Quality Control Cost? = 8
   1.8 Why is it Important to Control Software Quality in the Past? = 8
   1.9 Who Controls Software Quality? = 9
   1.10 Who Has Been Responsible for Software Quality in the Past? = 10
   1.11 When Should Software Quality Control be Applied? = 10
    1.11.1 Basic Phases of a System Life Cycle = 11
  2 MODEL FOR SOFTWARE QUALITY CONTROL = 13
   2.2 Introduction = 13
   2.2. General Approaches to Software Quality Control = 13
    2.2.1 Rome Laboratory's Software Quality Framework = 13
    2.2.2 Goal Question Metric Paradigm = 17
    2.2.3 Risk Management Model = 18
    2.2.4 The Spiral Model of Software Development = 19
    2.2.5 The Plan-DO-Check-Action Model of Quality Control = 19
   2.3 The TSQC Model = 20
    2.3.1 The Basic Elements of the TSQC Model = 20
    2.3.2 What are the TSQC Parameters? = 22
     2.3.2.1 Products = 22
     2.3.2.2 Processes = 24
     2.3.2.3 Resources = 25
    2.3.3 The TQSC Model in the System Life Cycle = 26
     2.3.3.1 Predevelopment = 27
     2.3.3.2 Development = 28
     2.3.3.3 Post Deployment Support = 29
    2.3.4 The TQSC Model Differ from the RSQF? = 29
   2.4 How Does the TSQC Model Differ from the RSQF? = 29
  3 SOFTWARE QUALITY CONTROL TECHNIQUES = 31
   3.1 Introduction = 31
   3.2 Characteristics of Quality Control Techniques and Measures = 31
    3.2.1 Life Cycle Phase = 31
    3.2.2 Type of Control = 31
    3.2.3 Effect on Quality Control Parameters = 32
   3.3 Quality Control Issues and Techniques = 32
    3.3.1 What are the Quality Requirements for the Final Product? = 33
     3.3.1.1 Operations Concept Document = 33
     3.3.1.2 REP Preparation and Review = 33
     3.3.l.3 Prototyping = 33
    3.3.2 Who Will be the Developer? = 33
     3.3.2.1 REP Preparation and Review = 34
     3.3.2.2 The Software Engineering Institute Software Capability Evaluation = 35
     3.3.2,3 Software Development Capability/Capacity Review = 35
     3.3.2.4 Software Engineering Exercise = 35
    3.3.3 What Can be Done To Prevent Quality Defects? = 36
     3.3.3.1 Standards = 36
     3.3.3.2 Software Engineering Prototype = 37
     3.3.3.3 Configuration Management = 38
     3.3.3.4 Performance Engineering = 39
     3.3.3.5 Software Engineering Environments = 39
     3.3.3.6 Reuse = 40
    3.3.4 How Can Quality be Checked = 41
     3.3.4.1 Reviews and Audits = 41
     3.3.4.2 Independent Verification and Validation = 42
     3.3.4.3 Requirements Verification Matrix = 43
     3.3.4.4 SOfeware Quality Assutrance = 43
     3.3.4.5 Testing = 43
     3.3.4.6 Reliability Modeling = 44
    3.3.5 What Kinds of Information Should be Available at Checkpoints = 44
     3.3.5.1 Requirements Traceablility matrix = 45
     3.3.5.2 Metrics = 45
     3.3.5.3 Software Problem Reports Analysis = 46
     3.3.5.4 Software Development Files = 46
    3.3.6 What can the Contractor do to improve the Process and Resources = 47
     3.3.6.1 Cause and Effect Analysis = 47
     3.3.6.2 SEL Self-Assessment = 47
   3.4 Characterization of the Quality Control Techniques = 47
    3.4.1 Applicability of the Techniques = 48
    3.4.2 Type of Control = 48
    3.4.3 Relationship to the Quality Control Parameters = 48
  4. APPLYING TOTAL SOFTWARE QUALITY CONTROL = 54
   4.1 Introduction = 54
   4.2 A Review of TSQC Planning Process = 55
   4.3 An Overview of the TSQC Planning Process = 55
   4.4 The Total Software Quality Control Plan = 56
   4.5 Planning Prior to Development = 57
    4.5.1 Defining the Software Quality Requiremenys = 59
    4.5.2 Identifying Constraints = 59
    4.5.3 Identifying Risks = 60
     4.5.3.1 Sources and Causes of Risk = 60
     4.5.3.1 Assessing Risks = 62
    4.5.4 Selecting Software Quality Control Techniques and Activities = 65
     4.5.4.1 Using a Core Set of Techniques = 66
     4.5.4.2 Selecting Additional Techniques to Control Risk = 66
    4.5.5 Applying the Techniques = 70
    4.5.6 Refining the Selections = 70
     4.5.6.1 Reviewing Controls Over the Developer = 71
     4.5.6.2 Tailoring the Application of Techniques = 72
     4.5.6.3 Selecting the Level of Application of Techniques = 72
     4.5.6.4 Selecting Among Alternative Techniques = 73
    4.5.7 Planning Checkpoints = 73
     4.5.7.1 Planning the Acquisition Strategy = 74
     4.5.7.2 Planning Information Requirements at Checkpoints = 75
     4.5.7.3 Reviewing and Refining Checkpoints = 75
    4.5.8 Documenting an Overview of the TSQC Process = 77
    4.5.9 Making Detailed Plans for TSQC Activities = 78
   4.6 Updating the TSQC Plan = 78
    4.6.1 After Developer Selection = 78
    4.6.2 During Development = 79
  5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS = 80
   5.1 Summary = 80
   5.2 Conclusions = 80
    5.2.1 What is the Current Status of Total Software Quality Control? = 80
    5.2.2 What is Needed to Gain Greater Control Over Software Quality? = 81
    5.2.3 What Can be Done Now? = 82
  List of References = 82
  APPENDIX A : QUALITY GOALS, QUESTIONS, METRICS, REQUIREMENTS = 85
   A.1 Efficiency = 85
   A.2 Integrity = 87
  APPENDIX A : RISK ASSESSMENT QUESTIONNAIRE = 90
   B.1 Risk Areas = 90
   B.2 Use of Questionnaire = 91
   B.3 Requirements Risk Area = 91
   B.4 Development and Test = 93
   B.5 Maintenance Planning = 94
   B.6 Government = 94
   B.7 Developer = 95
   B.8 Schedule and Budget = 96
  GLOSSARY = 98
PART Ⅰ
 Volume 2 Descriptions of individual Techniques
  1. INTRODUCTION = 101
   Purpose of the Guide = 101
   Scope of the Guide = 101
   Organization and Content of the Guide = 102
  2. CAUSE AND EFFECT ANALYSIS = 104
  3. CONFIGURATION MANAGEMENT = 111
  4. INDEPENDENT VERIFICATION AND VALIDATION = 119
  5. INSPECTIONS = 126
  6. PERFORMANCE ENGINEERING = 131
  7. PROTOTYPING = 140
  8. RELIABILITY MODELING = 145
  9. REQUIREMENTS TRACEABILITY = 152
  10. REP PREPARATION AND REVIEW = 158
  11. SEI SOFTWARE CAPABILITY EVALUATION = 164
  12. SOFTWARE AUDIT = 171
  13. SOFTWARE DESIGN METRICS = 177
  14. SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT CAPABILITY/CAPACITY REVIEW = 182
  15. SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT FILES = 186
  16. SOFTWARE ENGINEERING EXERCISE = 189
  17. SOFTWARE ENGINEERING PROTOTYPE = 195
  18. SOFTWARE MANAGEMENT METRICS = 200
  19. SOFTWARE QUALITY ASSURANCE = 210
  20. SOFTWARE PROBLEM REPORT ANALYSIS = 215
  21. STANDARDS = 223
  22. TESTING = 230
  GLOSSARY = 237
PART Ⅱ SOFTWARE ERROR ANALYSIS
 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY = 240
 1. OVERVIEW = 242
  1.1 Definitions = 243
 2. INTRODUCTION TO SOFTWARE ERROR ANALYSIS = 245
  2.1 Cost Benefits of Early Detection = 246
  2.2 Approach to Selecting Error Analysis Techniques = 247
 3. TECHNIQUES FOR DETECTING ERRORS = 248
  3.1 Classes of Error Detecting Techniques = 248
  3.2 Techniques Used During the Lifecycle = 249
   3.2.1 Requirements = 251
   3.2.2 Design = 252
   3.2.3 Implementation = 252
   3.2.4 Test = 254
   3.2.5 Installation and Checkout = 255
   3.2.6 Operation and Maintenance = 255
  3.3 Benefits of Classes of Error Detection Techniques = 255
 4. REMOVAL OF ERRORS = 258
  4.1 Identification = 258
  4.2 Investigation = 260
  4.3 Resolution = 261
   4.3.1 Resolution Plan = 261
   4.3.2 Resolution Action = 261
   4.3.3 Corrective Action = 262
   4.3.4 Follow-Up = 262
  4.4 Use of Individual Error Data = 262
 5. TECHNIQUES FOR THE COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF ERROR DATA = 263
  5.1 Error History Profile ／ Database = 263
  5.2 Data Collection Process = 264
  5.3 Metrics = 266
   5.3.1 Metrics Throughout the Lifecycle = 268
    5.3.1.1 Metrics Used in All Phases = 268
    5.3.1.2 Requirements Metrics = 270
    5.3.1.3 Design Metrics = 271
    5.3.1.4 Implementation Metrics = 273
    5.3.1.5 Test Metrics = 275
    5.3.1.6 Installation and Checkout Metrics = 278
    5.3.1.7 Operation and Maintenance Metrics = 278
  5.4 Statistical Process Control Techniques = 279
   5.4.1 Control Chart = 260
   5.4.2 Run Chart = 283
   5.4.3 Bar Graph = 283
   5.4.4 Histogram = 286
   5.4.5 Scatter Diagram = 288
   5.4.6 Method of Least Squares(Regression Technique) = 289
  5.5 Software Reliablity Estimation Models = 290
 6. SUMMARY = 295
 7. REFERENCES = 297
 APPENDIX A : ERROR DETECTION TECHNIQUES = 303
  A.1 Algorithm Analysis = 303
  A.2 Back-to-Back Testing = 303
  A.3 Boundary Value Analysosis = 304
  A.4 Control Flow Analysis ／ Diagrams = 305
  A.5 Database Analysis = 305
  A.6 Data Flow Analysis = 305
  A.7 Data Flow Diagrams = 306
  A.8 Decision Tables(Truth Tables) = 307
  A.9 Desk Checking(Code Reading) = 308
  A.10 Error Seeding = 309
  A.11 Finite State Machines = 310
  A.12 Formal Methods(Formal Verifications, Proof of Correctness, Formal Proof of Program) = 310
  A.13 Information Flow Analysis = 311
  A.14 (Fagan) Inspections = 311
  A.15 Interface Analysis = 312
  A.16 Interface Testing = 313
  A.17 Mutation Analysis = 314
  A.18 Performance Testing = 315
  A.19 Prototyping ／ Animation = 315
  A.20 Regression Analysis and Testing = 316
  A.21 Requirements Parsing = 316
  A.22 Reviews = 317
  A.23 Sensitivity Analysis = 317
  A.24 Simulation = 318
  A.25 Sizing and Timing Analysis = 319
  A.26 Slicing = 320
  A.27 Software Sneak Circuit Analysis = 320
  A.28 Stress Testing = 321
  A.29 Symbolic Execution = 322
  A.30 Test Certification = 322
  A.31 Traceability Analysis(Tracing) = 323
  A.32 Walkthroughs = 324
 APPENDIX B : ERROR ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES CITED IN SOFTWARE STANDARDS = 325
PART Ⅲ INCREASING SOFTWARE CONFIDENCE : WHERE WE'RE HEADED IN SOFTWARE TESTING TECHNOLOGY
 1. INTRODUTION = 344
 2. BACKGROUND = 344
 3. TESTING STRATEGIES = 346
  3.1 Mutation Testing = 346
  3.2 Decision to Desion PATH(DD-PATH) Testing - Branch Testing = 347
 4. AUTOMATED TESTING TOOLS = 349
  4.1 MOTHRA = 350
  4.2 RXVP80 = 353
 5. THE TEST PROGRAM = 354
 6. CORRECT PROGRAM = 356
  6.1 MOTHRA - Statement Analysis Mutants = 356
  6.2 MOTHRA - Predicate and Domain Mutants = 356
  6.3 RXVP80 = 363
 7. DOMAIN ERROR = 363
  7.1 MOTHRA - Statement Analysis Mutants = 363
  7.2 MOTHRA - Predicate and Domain Mutants = 368
 8. MISSING STATEMENT ERROR = 377
  8.1 MOTHRA = 377
  8.2 RXVP80 = 375
 9. COMPUTATION ERROR = 384
  9.1 MOTHRA = 384
  9.2 RXVP80 = 389
 10. CONCLUTION = 389