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As wealthy countries focus more attention on the ravages of poverty and maldistribution of the world’s resources, the rationales for what is or is not done in the name of “development” have become more elaborate and abstract. And as the literature has proliferated, communication among those who approach development from different perspectives, disciplines, and professions has become more strained. In this innovative text, Jan Black argues that what is missing is “appropriate theory” that can help place the findings of social scientists and seasoned development practitioners at the service of those who would promote a more equitable and empowering approach to development.In the first section the author presents the differing and even contradictory definitions of development and the various explanatory models and means of measurement associated with them. This is followed by an analysis of the evolution of development strategies and programs both of the First World?donor countries and organizations?and of Third World leaders, movements, and regional organizations. The author highlights key issues in the development debate of the 1990s, including ecology, refugees, debt, the informal sector, and gender roles. In a final section she addresses the process of development and illustrates, through a number of vignettes and case studies, the sometimes illusory links between motives and consequences.At a time when theoreticians and practitioners appear to occupy different worlds and speak different languages, and when a large number of developing countries seem to be falling into an irreversible cycle of debt and dependency, this book is particularly welcome and compelling.

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CONTENTS
List of Tables and Illustrations = xi
Acknowledgments = xiii
1 Introduction: In Pursuit of Appropriate Theory = 1
 Useful Fallacies, Assuming Progress - Patenting Modernism - Blaming the Victim - Limiting the Options = 2
 Speaking in Tongues: The Communication Problem = 8
 Appropriate Technology and Appropriate Theory = 9
 Notes = 11
PART ONE DEVELOPMENT IN THEORY: MEANINGS AND MODELS
 2 Defining Development and Its Nemesis = 15
  Identifying the Problem = 16
  What Price "Progress"? = 17
  The Reckoning = 19
  Empowerment: An Alternate Vision = 20
  Notes = 21
  Suggested Readings = 22
 3 Explaining Development: Models and Measurements = 23
  Assuming Harmonic Interests, Liberal Internationalist School - Development and Modernization Theorists - Cultural Causation - Interdependence = 24
  Assuming Discordant Interests, Marxism and Marxism-Leninism - Dependency Theory - The Center-Periphery Model and World Systems Theory = 26
  International Political Economy = 29
  Measurements and Findings, Aggregate Data and the Law of the Instrument - The Challenge of Intangibles = 31
  Notes = 41
  Suggested Readings = 43
PART TWO DEVELOPMENT IN PRACTICE: STRATEGIES AND ISSUES
 4 Donor Strategies and Programs = 47
  US. Development and Foreign Assistance Policy, Security and Economic Interests - The Promising Ambivalence of Camelot - Fewer Carrots - More Sticks - "New Directions" for the 1970s - Privatization and Militarization - US. Development Policy in Perspective = 47
  Other Donor States and Institutions, The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) - The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) - The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) - Multilateral Financial Institutions - The United Nations and Its Affiliates - Nongovernmental Organizations = 63
  Notes = 78
  Suggested Readings = 79
 5 Third World Strategies = 81
  Import-Substitution Industrialization = 81
  Export-Led Growth, The East Asian Gang of Four - The Extraordinary Case of Taiwan - The Drawbacks = 83
  Economic Integration = 85
  Multilateral Bargaining = 87
  Resource Management and Commodity Cartels, The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries(OPEC) - Other Producer Associations - Harnessing - Energy: The Latin American Experience = 89
  Revolutionary Strategies = 93
  Counterrevolutionary Strategies = 97
  The Plight of the Reformer = 99
  Notes = 102
  Suggested Readings = 103
 6 Contemporary Issues and Themes = 113
  Development and the Gender Gap = 114
  The Fragile Ecology of Mother Earth, Exporting Garbage - Sharing Hardships - Questions of Equity and Responsibility = 119
  Other Issues and Trends = 125
  Narcotraffic - Refugees and Indigenous Peoples - The Debt Trap - The "Informal" Sector
  Notes = 134
  Suggested Readings = 136
PART THREE THE PROCESS AND THE PROTAGONISTS: PARADOXES OF DEVELOPMENT
 7 The Process: Games Developers Play = 139
  Paradox No. 1: In Public Affairs, No Matter How Bad Things Appear to Be, They're Actually Worse = 140
  Paradox No. 2: Were It Not for Wrong Reasons, There Would Be No Right Things Done = 141
  Paradox No. 3: To Every Solution There Is a Problem = 142
  Paradox No. 4: Development Programs Are Given Impetus, Not by Underdevelopment, but by the Fear of Development That Is Not Programmed from Above = 144
  Paradox No. 5: Credit Is Extended Only to Those Who Do Not Need It = 147
  Paradox No. 6: Third World Governments Are Weakened by the Lack of Pressures = 149
  Paradox No. 7: The Primary Beneficiaries of Rural Development Programs Are the Cities = 152
  Notes = 153
  Suggested Readings = 154
 8 The Protagonists: Donors, Clients, and Field Agents = 157
  Paradox No. 8: The Experts Are Always Wrong = 158
  Paradox No. 9: Rural Development Is a Process Whereby Affluent Urban-Dwellers Teach Poor Peasants How to Survive in the Countryside Without Money = 160
  Paradox No. 10: The More Important an Agency's Mission and the More Efficient Its Performance, the Sooner It Will Be Suppressed = 163
  Paradox No. 11: Sophistication in Development Processes Is Acquired and Program Continuity Maintained Not by Donor Institutions but by Client Organizations and Individuals = 166
  Paradox No. 12: In the Third World, There Is a Need for Technicians Who Are Less Well Trained = 168
  Paradox No. 13: Distance Unites = 170
  Paradox No. 14: In the Land of the Blind, the One-eyed Man Is a Subversive = 172
  Notes = 173
  Suggested Readings = 174
 9 On Motives and Consequences = 177
  Paradox No. 15: The More Important the Decision, the Fewer and Less Well Informed Will Be Those Involved in Making It = 177
  Paradox No. 16: Before a People Can Determine Its Own Future, It Must Take Back Its Past = 180
  Paradox No. 17: Maintaining Stability at the Apex of a Sharply Graduated Social Pyramid Requires Perpetuating Instability at the Base = 182
  Paradox No. 18: Treating the Symptoms May Prolong the Disorder = 185
  Paradox No. 19: He Who Pays the Piper Does Not Necessarily Call the Tune = 188
  Notes = 192
  Suggested Readings = 192
 10 Conclusion: Leaning on the Limits = 195
  Notes = 201
About the Book and Author = 203
Index = 205