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A new framework for the neuroscientific study of emotions in humans and animals

The Neuroscience of Emotion presents a new framework for the neuroscientific study of emotion across species. Written by Ralph Adolphs and David J. Anderson, two leading authorities on the study of emotion, this accessible and original book recasts the discipline and demonstrates that in order to understand emotion, we need to examine its biological roots in humans and animals. Only through a comparative approach that encompasses work at the molecular, cellular, systems, and cognitive levels will we be able to comprehend what emotions do, how they evolved, how the brain shapes their development, and even how we might engineer them into robots in the future.

Showing that emotions are ubiquitous across species and implemented in specific brain circuits, Adolphs and Anderson offer a broad foundation for thinking about emotions as evolved, functionally defined biological states. The authors discuss the techniques and findings from modern neuroscientific investigations of emotion and conclude with a survey of theories and future research directions.

Featuring color illustrations throughout, The Neuroscience of Emotion synthesizes the latest in neuroscientific work to provide deeper insights into how emotions function in all of us.

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List of Illustrations	p. ix
Preface	p. xi
Acknowledgments	p. xv
Part I	Foundations	
Chapter 1	    What Don''t We Know about Emotions?	p. 3
        Emotions According to Inside Out	p. 4
        Toward a Science of Emotion	p. 13
        Emotions Are Decoupled Reflexes	p. 18
        Questions We Will Not Answer in This Book	p. 23
        What Do We Want to Know about Emotions?	p. 25
Chapter 2	    A Framework for Studying Emotions	p. 29
        Warm-Up: Neuroscience Questions about Emotion	p. 30
        Toward a Functional Definition of Emotion	p. 39
        Proper Functions and Malfunctions	p. 43
        Emotions and Consciousness	p. 49
        An Experimental Example	p. 52
        Summary	p. 57
Chapter 3	    Building Blocks and Features of Emotions	p. 58
        Building Blocks versus Features	p. 62
        A Provisional List of Emotion Properties	p. 65
        Summary	p. 98
Part II	Neuroscience	
Chapter 4	    The Logic of Neuroscientific Explanations	p. 103
        Levels of Biological Organization	p. 105
        The Concept of Mechanism in Neuroscience	p. 108
        Testing Causal Relationships between Neural Activity and Behavior	p. 114
        Levels of Abstraction	p. 115
        Mixing of Terms in Neuroscience Explanations	p. 120
        Necessity, Sufficiency, and Normalcy	p. 123
        Summary	p. 125
Chapter 5	    The Neurobiology of Emotion in Animals: General Considerations	p. 127
        Why Do We Need Studies of the Neurobiology of Emotion in Animals?	p. 131
        What Do We Want to Understand about Emotion by Studying Animals?	p. 140
        The Relationship of Emotion States to Motivation, Arousal, and Drive	p. 143
        Psychiatric Drugs, Animal Models, and Emotions	p. 153
        Summary	p. 159
Chapter 6	    The Neuroscience of Emotion in Rodents	p. 161
        Emotion, Fear, and the Amygdala	p. 163
        Innate Defensive Behaviors and Emotions	p. 179
        Distributed versus Localized Emotions in the Brain	p. 188
        Anxiety	p. 189
        Other Emotion States: Aggression and Anger	p. 193
        Positively Valenced Emotion States	p. 195
        Summary	p. 196
Chapter 7	    Emotions in Insects and Other invertebrates	p. 197
        Learned Avoidance Behavior in Drosophila	p. 198
        Does Drosophila Have Emotion States?	p. 203
        Anxiety in Insects and Other Arthropods	p. 208
        Emotion States and Social Behavior in Insects	p. 209
        Internal States in Other Invertebrates	p. 210
        Summary	p. 214
Chapter 8	    Tools and Methods in Human Neuroscience	p. 215
        Historical Neuroscience Studies of Emotion in Humans	p. 218
        fMRI Studies of Emotion: The Method	p. 233
        Similarity Analyses	p. 242
        fMRI in Animals?	p. 245
        Summary	p. 249
Chapter 9	    The Neuroscience of Emotion in Humans	p. 251
        fMRI Studies of Emotion: The Logic and the Challenge	p. 251
        Lessons from Two Examples: Music and Faces	p. 253
        Attributing Emotions to Others	p. 257
        Imaging Emotion Concepts	p. 260
        Feeling Emotions	p. 265
        Central Emotion States	p. 270
        Dissociating Emotion States from Concepts and Experience	p. 273
        Summary	p. 278
Part III	Open Questions	
Chapter 10	    Theories of Emotions and Feelings	p. 281
        The Structure of Affect	p. 282
        Theories of Feelings	p. 286
        Philosophy of Emotion	p. 299
        Taking Stock	p. 303
        Summary	p. 306
Chapter 11	        Summary and Future Directions	p. 308
        The Main Points of This Book	p. 308
        Feelings Again	p. 311
        Future Experiments	p. 313
Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations	p. 327
References	p. 337
Index	p. 347