CONTENTS
PREFACE FOR STUDENTS = xvii
PREFACE FOR INSTRUCTORS = xix
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS = xxiii
PART 1 INTRODUCTION = 1
1 What Is Personality Psychology? = 3
DEFINING PERSONALITY = 4
"A Person's" Personality, and "Personality" = 4
Another Way to Start = 5
Two Fundamental Issues in Personality Psychology = 8
Theory = 9
Explanation Versus Description, and the Issue of Reductionism = 11
What Makes a Theory Good? = 13
THEORY IN BROADER PERSPECTIVE = 15
Groupings Among Theories: Perspectives on Personality = 15
ORGANIZATION WITHIN CHAPTERS = 17
Assessment = 17
Problems in Behavior, and Behavior Change = 18
SUMMARY = 18
GLOSSARY = 19
2 Methods in the Study of Personality = 21
GATHERING INFORMATION = 22
Simple Beginnings: Introspection and Observation = 22
Reliability and Generality = 23
Validity and Objectivity = 25
RELATIONSHIPS AMONG VARIABLES = 28
Correlation = 30
Causality and a Limitation on Inference = 34
Experimental Research = 35
Identifying Types of Studies = 40
Multifactor Studies = 41
Reading Figures Portraying Multifactor Research = 42
PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT = 45
Reliability Revisited = 46
Validity Revisited = 47
Two Starting Places in Assessment = 49
Response Sets = 50
SUMMARY = 52
GLOSSARY = 53
PART 2 THE DISPOSITIONAL PERSPECTIVE = 55
PROLOGUE: Major Themes and Underlying Assumptions = 56
3 Types, Traits, and Interactionism = 59
BASIC PRINCIPLES = 60
Types and Traits = 60
Nomothetic Versus Idiographic Approaches = 63
What Traits Are Most Important? = 64
Two Factor Analytic Approaches to Personality = 69
TRAITS, SITUATIONS, AND THE INTERACTIONIST APPROACH = 76
Is Behavior Actually Traitlike? = 76
Situationism = 76
Interactionism = 79
Additional Contributions to Understanding Consistency = 84
ASSESSMENT = 87
Comparing Individuals: Personality Profiles = 87
Constructing Trait Scales: The Empirical Keying Approach = 88
Constructing Trait Scales: The Content Validation Approach = 91
A Hybrid Approach = 92
Traits Versus Act Frequencies in Personality Assessment = 93
PROBLEMS IN BEHAVIOR, AND BEHAVIOR CHANGE = 94
Interactionism in Behavior Problems = 95
Behavior Change = 96
SUMMARY = 96
GLOSSARY = 98
4 Needs and Motives = 99
BASIC PRINCIPLES = 100
Needs, Motives, and Environmental Press = 101
Understanding the Effects of Needs and Press = 102
Murray's Need System = 104
Need for Achievement = 107
Need for Power = 113
Need for Affiliation = 116
Type A Behavior Pattern and the Need for Control = 117
Need for Cognition = 123
Reconsidering the Determination of Behavior = 125
ASSESSMENT = 127
PROBLEMS IN BEHAVIOR, AND BEHAVIOR CHANGE = 128
Problems Associated with the Need for Power = 129
Focusing On and Changing Motivation = 131
SUMMARY = 133
GLOSSARY = 135
5 Biology and Temperaments = 137
BASIC PRINCIPLES: INHERITANCE OF PERSONALITY = 139
Body Configurations and Personality = 139
Temperament = 144
Methods of Determining the Impact of Inheritance = 149
Inheritance and Temperaments = 152
Inheritance and Other Personality Traits = 154
Sociobiology = 156
BASIC PRINCIPLES, BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS AND PERSONALITY = 158
Hormones and Behavior = 159
Eysenck's Theory and Brain Activation = 160
Sensation Seeking = 164
ASSESSMENT = 169
Biological Assessment = 170
PROBLEMS IN BEHAVIOR, AND BEHAVIOR CHANGE = 170
Behavior Genetics and Disorder = 171
How Much Can Temperaments Be Changed? = 172
Role of Medication in Therapy = 174
SUMMARY = 174
GLOSSARY = 176
EPILOGUE: The Dispositional Perspective: Problems and Prospects = 177
PART 3 THE PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE = 181
PROLOGUE: Major Themes and Underlying Assumptions = 182
6 Psychoanalysis = 185
BASIC PRINCIPLES = 188
The Topographical Model of Mind = 188
Components of Personality: The Structural Model = 190
Motivation: The Instincts = 196
Motivation: The Utilization of Energy = 202
Displacement of Motive Forces = 204
Psychosexual Development = 206
Research on Psychosexual Development = 211
ASSESSMENT = 212
The Psychopathology of Everyday Life = 213
Dreams = 214
Projective Techniques = 218
Rorschach Inkblot Test = 219
PROBLEMS IN BEHAVIOR, AND BEHAVIOR CHANGE = 222
Problems in Psychosexual Development = 222
Anxiety = 223
Mechanisms of Defense = 223
Conflict = 229
Behavior Change = 230
SUMMARY = 232
GLOSSARY = 234
7 Psychoanalytic Extensions: Ego Psychology and Psychosocial Theories = 237
BASIC PRINCIPLES = 239
The Emergence of Ego Psychology = 239
The Psychosocial Emphasis = 244
Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Stages = 245
Research on Eriksonian Theory = 252
Sullivan's Interpersonal Theory of Psychiatry = 255
Transactional Analysis = 259
ASSESSMENT = 265
Play as an Assessment Tool = 266
Psychohistory = 268
Transactional Analysis and Egograms = 268
PROBLEMS IN BEHAVIOR, AND BEHAVIOR CHANGE = 270
Feelings of Inferiority and Striving for Superiority = 270
Nonadaptive Relationships = 272
Faulty Life Plans = 274
Behavior Change = 274
SUMMARY = 275
GLOSSARY = 277
EPILOGUE: The Psychodynamic Perspective: Problems and Prospects = 279
PART 4 THE PHENOMENOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE = 283
PROLOGUE: Major Themes and Underlying Assumptions = 284
8 Self-Evaluation and Self-Actualization = 285
BASIC PRINCIPLES: THE SELF AND SELF-ACTUALIZATION = 286
Actualization and Self-Actualization = 287
The Self = 288
The Need for Positive Regard = 290
Free Will and Reactance = 293
Free Will and Self-Determination = 294
Disorganization and Defense = 296
Tactics of Self-Esteem Maintenance and Enhancement = 297
BASIC PRINCIPLES: SELF-ACTUALIZATION AND MASLOW'S HIERARCHY OF MOTIVES = 301
Characteristics of Frequent Self-Actualizers = 305
The Peak Experience = 308
ASSESSMENT = 308
Interviews = 309
The Q-Sort and Measurement of the Self-Concept = 310
Measurement of Self-Actualization = 312
PROBLEMS IN BEHAVIOR, AND BEHAVIOR CHANGE = 312
Client-Centered Therapy = 313
Encounter Groups = 315
Beyond Therapy, to Personal Growth = 317
SUMMARY = 317
GLOSSARY = 319
9 Personal Constructs and the Cognitivist Orientation = 321
BASIC PRINCIPLES: KELLY'S PSYCHOLOGY OF PERSONAL CONSTRUCTS = 323
Characteristics of Constructs = 324
Organization Among Constructs = 328
Elaboration and Change in Construct Systems = 330
Interpersonal Interaction = 333
BASIC PRINCIPLES: A REEMERGENCE OF THE COGNITIVIST ORIENTATION = 337
Starting Points = 338
Schemas and Their Manifestations = 339
Attributions = 343
Personal Constructs and Behavioral Consistency = 345
ASSESSMENT = 346
Kelly's Role Construct Repertory Test = 347
Cognitive Assessment = 348
PROBLEMS IN BEHAVIOR, AND BEHAVIOR CHANGE = 351
Kelly's Viewpoint on Psychological Distress = 351
Fixed Role Therapy = 353
Contemporary Cognitive Views of Problems in Behavior = 354
Attributional Retraining = 356
SUMMARY = 358
GLOSSARY = 359
EPILOGUE: The Phenomenological Perspective: Problems and Prospects = 361
PART 5 THE LEARNING PERSPECTIVE = 363
PROLOGUE: Major Themes and Underlying Assumptions = 364
10 Conditioning Theories = 365
BASIC PRINCIPLES = 366
Basic Elements of Classical Conditioning = 367
Classical Conditioning as Anticipatory Learning = 371
Discrimination and Generalization in Classical Conditioning = 372
Extinction of Classical Conditioning = 374
Emotional Conditioning = 375
Basic Elements of Instrumental Conditioning = 376
Discrimination, Generalization, and Extinction in Instrumental Conditioning = 380
Schedules of Reinforcement and the Issue of Persistence = 382
superstitious and "Irrational" Behavior = 385
THEORETICAL DIFFERENCES CONCERNING INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING = 387
Miller and Dollard's Social Learning Theory = 387
Skinner's "Functional Analysis" of Behavior = 391
ASSESSMENT = 392
PROBLEMS IN BEHAVIOR, AND BEHAVIOR CHANGE = 395
Classical Conditioning of Emotional Responses = 396
Instrumental Conditioning and Maladaptive Behaviors = 400
Instrumental Conditioning and Token Economies = 401
Instrumental Conditioning and Biofeedback = 402
SUMMARY = 402
GLOSSARY = 404
11 Social-Cognitive Learning Theories = 407
BASIC PRINCIPLES: ELABORATIONS ON CONDITIONING PROCESSES = 409
Social Reinforcement = 409
Dimensions of Generalization = 411
Rule-Based Learning = 412
Vicarious Emotional Arousal = 415
Vicarious Reinforcement = 416
Expectancies Concerning Outcomes = 418
Locus-of-Control Expectancies = 418
Efficacy Expectancies = 423
BASIC PRINCIPLES: OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING = 424
Acquisition Versus Performance = 426
MANIFESTATIONS OF COGNITIVE AND SOCIAL LEARNING = 429
Modeling and Sex Role Acquisition = 429
Modeling of Aggression and the Issue of TV Violence = 431
Self-Control and Delay of Gratification = 433
ASSESSMENT = 437
PROBLEMS IN BEHAVIOR, AND BEHAVIOR CHANGE = 438
Conceptualizing Behavioral Problems = 438
Modeling-Based Therapies = 440
Expectancy Changes in Therapy = 442
Self-Instructions, and Cognitive Behavior Modification = 444
SUMMARY = 445
GLOSSARY = 447
EPILOGUE: The Learning Perspective: Problems and Prospects = 448
PART 6 THE INFORMATION PROCESSING PERSPECTIVE = 451
PROLOGUE: Major Themes and Underlying Assumptions = 452
12 Information Processing and Self-Regulation = 455
UNDERLYING CONCEPTS = 457
Information and Information Processing = 457
Control and Feedback = 459
BASIC PRINCIPLES = 461
Organization in Memory = 462
Activation and Use of Memories = 464
Behavioral Knowledge in Perception = 466
Behavioral Knowledge in Action = 471
From Cognition to Behavior: Feedback Control = 474
Self-Attention and the Action of the Comparator = 478
Branching Chains and Hierarchical Organization = 480
Interruption and Disengagement = 487
Emotion = 490
ASSESSMENT = 492
Assessment of "Process" Tendencies = 492
Diagnostic Categories as Prototypes = 493
PROBLEMS IN BEHAVIOR, AND BEHAVIOR CHANGE = 494
Information Processing Deficits = 494
Faulty Schemas = 495
Problems as Conflicts Among Goals, and as the Inability to Disengage = 496
Behavior Change: Control Processes and the Process of Therapy = 497
SUMMARY = 499
GLOSSARY = 501
EPILOGUE: The Information Processing Perspective: Problems and Prospects = 503
PART 7 PERSPECTIVES ON PERSONALITY: ARE THEY ALL LOOKING AT THE SAME THING? = 505
13 Overlap and Integration = 507
COMMONALITIES AMONG PERSPECTIVES = 509
Similarities and Isomorphisms = 509
Social Learning, Cognitivism, and Information Processing = 509
Bridges from Psychoanalytic Theory to Other Perspectives = 512
Bridges from Phenomenological Perspective to Information Processing Perspective = 519
Dispositions and Psychodynamic Equivalents = 520
COMBINING PERSPECTIVES = 521
Biology and Learning: Complementary Influences on Personality = 522
SUMMARY = 526
GLOSSARY = 527
REFERENCES = 529
NAME INDEX = 581
SUBJECT INDEX = 590
