CONTENTS
Contributors = xiii
Preface = xvii
An Introduction to Systems Engineering and Systems Management / Andrew P. Sage ; William B. Rouse = 1
Systems Engineering = 2
The Importance of Technical Direction and Systems Management = 7
Additional Definitions of Systems Engineering = 10
Life-cycle Methodologies, or Processes, for Systems Engineering = 25
The Rest of the Handbook of Systems Engineering and Management = 33
Knowledge Map of the Systems Engineering and Management Handbook = 50
The Many Dimensions of Systems Engineering = 51
People, Organizations, and Technology = 55
1 Systems Engineering Life Cycles : Life Cycles for Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation ； Acquisition ； and Planning and Marketing / F. G. Patterson, Jr. = 59
1.1 Introduction = 59
1.2 Classification of Organizational Processes = 65
1.3 Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation Life Cycles = 67
1.4 System Acquisition or Production Life Cycles = 72
1.5 The Planning and Marketing Life Cycle = 82
1.6 Software Acquisition Life Cycle Models = 85
1.7 Trends in Systems Engineering Life Cycles = 93
1.8 Conclusions = 105
2 Systems Engineering Management : The Multidisciplinary Discipline / Aaron J. Shenhar = 113
2.1 Introduction = 113
2.2 Defining Systems Engineering Management = 114
2.3 Activities and Roles of the Systems Engineering Manager = 116
2.4 Toward a Comprehensive Framework for the Implementation of Systems Engineering Management : The Two-dimensional Taxonomy = 118
2.5 Different Systems Engineering Management Roles for Various Project Types = 122
2.6 The Skills, Tools, and Disciplines Involved in Systems Engineering Management = 129
2.7 Developing Educational and Training Programs in Systems Engineering Management = 131
3 Risk Management / Yacov Y. Haimes = 137
3.1 The Process of Risk Assessment and Management = 137
3.2 The Holistic Approach to Risk Analysis = 139
3.3 Risk of Extreme Events = 148
3.4 The Partitioned Multiobjective Risk Method = 152
3.5 The Characteristics of Risk Human-engineered Systems = 161
3.6 Selected Cases of Risk-based Engineering Problems = 162
3.7 Summary = 170
4 Discovering System Requirements / A. Terry Bahill ; Frank F. Dean = 175
4.1 Introduction = 175
4.2 Stating the Problem = 176
4.3 What Are Requirements? = 178
4.4 Characterizations = 179
4.5 Tools for Gathering Requirements = 187
4.6 The Requirements Development Process = 188
4.7 Characteristics of a Good Requirement = 197
4.8 Related Items = 201
4.9 A Heuristic Example of Requirements = 203
Appendix 4A Behavior Scenarios of ATM Transactions = 205
Appendix 4B A Comparison of Some Systems Engineering Tools that Aid in Developing and Understanding System Requirements = 214
5 Configuration Management / Peggy Brouse = 221
5.1 Introduction = 221
5.2 Configuration Management Procedures = 222
5.3 Configuration Management Responsibilities = 224
5.4 Configuration Management Activities = 225
5.5 Conclusion = 231
Appendix Applicable Standards = 231
6 Cost Management / Benjamin S. Blanchard = 235
6.1 Introduction = 235
6.2 Life-cycle Costing = 235
6.3 Functional Economic Analysis = 242
6.4 Work Breakdown Structure = 245
6.5 Activity-based Costing = 250
6.6 Cost and Effectiveness Analysis = 254
6.7 System Evaluation and Cost Control = 265
6.8 Summary = 267
7 Total Quality Management / James L. Melsa = 269
7.1 Introduction = 269
7.2 Historical Background of the Quality Movement = 273
7.3 Total Quality Management Tools = 274
7.4 Total Quality Management Philosophies = 276
7.5 Summary = 296
Appendix 7A The ISO 9000 Standards = 293
Appendix 7B Malcome Baldrige Award Criteria = 296
Appendix 7C Deming's Quality Philosophy = 299
8 Reliability, Maintainability, and Availability / Michael Pecht = 303
8.1 Introduction and Motivation = 303
8.2 Evolution of RMA Engineering = 304
8.3 Allocation = 305
8.4 Design for Reliability = 305
8.5 System Architecture = 306
8.6 Stress Analysis and Management = 307
8.7 Qualification = 309
8.8 Reliability Testing = 309
8.9 Quality Conformance = 311
8.10 Reliability Assessment = 313
8.11 System Reliability Assessment Modeling = 315
8.12 Fault Trees = 320
8.13 Failure Modes and Effects Analysis = 320
8.14 Design for Maintainability = 322
8.15 Data Collection, Classification, and Reporting = 324
8.16 Warranties and Life-cycle Costs = 325
8.17 Operational Readiness and Availability = 325
9 Concurrent Engineering / Andrew Kusiak ; Nick Larson = 327
9.1 Introduction = 327
9.2 Concurrent Engineering and the Product Life Cycle = 328
9.3 Building a Concurrent Engineering Environment : A Systems Engineering Perspective = 330
9.4 Managing a Concurrent Engineering Environment : Tools and Techniques = 357
9.5 Implementation = 365
9.6 Conclusion = 366
10 The Logical Framework in a Project Management System / Joseph B. Ben-Dak = 371
10.1 Introduction = 371
10.2 The Logical Framework : A Tool for Breaking Down the Project Concept = 372
10.3 The LogFrame : A Tool for Measuring Performance = 380
10.4 The LogFrame : A Tool for Evaluating Projects = 386
10.5 The LogFrame : A Tool for Designing Projects = 390
10.6 First-order Conclusions : The LogFrame, a Formative Evaluation of the Concept of Evaluation = 400
10.7 Second-order Conclusions : The LogFrame in the Context of Development Studies and Beyond = 402
10.8 Conclusions = 406
Appendix 10A LogFrame Checklist = 406
Appendix 10B Glossary of Terms with Special Meaning in the Logical Framework = 406
11 Standards in Systems Engineering / Stephen C. Lowell = 413
11.1 Introduction = 413
11.2 Definition = 413
11.3 Historical Highlights of Standards in the United States = 413
11.4 Reasons for Using Specifications and Standards = 415
11.5 Proper Application of Specifications and Standards = 417
11.6 Selection and Development of Specifications and Standards = 418
11.7 Useful Standards in the Systems Engineering Process = 424
11.8 Locating and Obtaining Specifications and Standards = 424
11.9 Other Useful Standards : Web Sites = 426
12 System Architectures / Alexander H. Levis = 427
12.1 Introduction = 427
12.2 Definition of Architectures = 430
12.3 Structured Analysis Approach = 432
12.4 The Executable Model = 440
12.5 Physical Architecture = 442
12.6 Performance Evaluation = 443
12.7 Object-oriented Approach = 445
12.8 Conclusion = 452
13 Systems Design / K. Preston White, Jr. = 455
13.1 Introduction : What is System Design? = 455
13.2 Steps in the Design Process = 455
13.3 Design Tools = 465
13.4 A Brief History of Recent Design Theory = 467
13.5 Design and Concurrent Engineering = 469
14 Systems Integration / James D. Palmer = 483
14.1 Introduction = 483
14.2 Systems Integration in Large, Complex Engineered Systems and a Systems Integration Life Cycle = 486
14.3 Systems Integration Management and Technical Skills and Training Requirements = 490
14.4 Systems Integration Strategy for Success = 493
14.5 The Audit Trail = 501
14.6 Quality Assurance in Systems Integration = 503
14.7 Subcontractor Management for Systems Integration = 508
14.8 Subsystem Integration and Delivery = 509
14.9 Risk Management = 513
15 Systematic Measurements / Andrew P. Sage ; Anne J. Jensen = 519
15.1 Introduction = 519
15.2 Organizational Needs for Systematic Measurement = 520
15.3 Measurement Needs = 522
15.4 Organizational Measurements = 531
15.5 Metrics from Widely Accepted Standards, Awards, and Government Requirements = 534
15.6 Selected Measurement Approaches = 553
15.7 Systematic Measurements of Customer Satisfaction = 561
15.8 Systematic Measurements of Effort and Schedule = 569
15.9 Systematic Measurements of Defects = 570
15.10 Metrics Process Maturity = 571
15.11 Information Technology and Organizational Performance Measurement = 576
15.12 Summary = 584
16 Human Supervisory Control / Thomas B. Sheridan = 591
16.1 Introduction = 591
16.2 Task Analysis and Function Allocation = 594
16.3 The Phases of Supervisory Control = 598
16.4 Examples of Supervisory Control Applications and Problems = 608
16.5 Overview Considerations of Supervisory Control = 619
16.6 Conclusions = 625
17 Designing for Cognitive Task Performance / Judith M. Orasanu ; Michael G. Shafto = 629
17.1 Introduction = 629
17.2 Cognitive Constraints on System Design = 631
17.3 Reduction to Practice = 644
17.4 Conclusions = 653
18 Organizational and Individual Decision Making / Kathleen M. Carley ; Dean M. Behrens = 659
18.1 Introduction = 659
18.2 The Individual in the Organization = 661
18.3 The Organization = 670
18.4 Implications for Systems Engineering and Management = 675
18.5 Conclusion = 676
19 Human Error and Its Amelioration / Patricia M. Jones = 687
19.1 Introduction = 687
19.2 Basic Definitions = 689
19.3 Perspectives on Error Types, Causes, and Amelioration = 690
19.4 Conclusions = 699
20 Culture, Leadership, and Organizational Change / Joyce Shields ; Charles S. Harris ; Betty K. Hart = 703
20.1 Introduction = 703
20.2 Setting the Context : Culture = 705
20.3 The Role of Leadership = 709
20.4 Applying the Change Model = 714
20.5 Profiles in Change = 734
20.6 Conclusion = 740
21 Model-based Design of Human Interaction with Complex Systems / Christine M. Mitchell = 745
21.1 Introduction = 745
21.2 Human Interaction with Complex Systems : The Systems, Tasks, and Users = 745
21.3 Emerging Technology and Design = 746
21.4 Human-System Interaction Issues = 748
21.5 Model-based Design = 754
21.6 Model-based Design Using the Operator Function Model = 768
21.7 Operator-function-model-based Design : Illustrative Applications = 782
21.8 Basic Research and Operational Relevance to Real-world Design = 797
21.9 Conclusion = 802
22 Evaluation of Systems / James M. Tien = 811
22.1 Introduction = 811
22.2 Evaluation Field = 811
22.3 Evaluation Framework = 812
22.4 Evaluation Design Elements = 816
22.5 Evaluation Modeling = 820
22.6 Concluding Remarks = 823
23 Systems Reengineering / Andrew P Sage = 825
23.1 Introduction = 825
23.2 Definition of and Perspective on Reengineering = 827
23.3 An Overview of Reengineering Approaches = 833
23.4 Summary = 918
24 Issue Formulation / James E. Armstrong, Jr. = 933
24.1 Introduction : Problem and Issue Formulation = 933
24.2 Situation Assessment = 933
24.3 Problem or Issue Identification = 937
24.4 Value System Design = 949
24.5 Iteration of the Design = 959
24.6 Generation of Potential Alternatives or Systems Analysis = 978
24.7 Alternative and Feasibility Studies = 989
24.8 Summary and Conclusions = 992
25 Functional Analysis / Dennis M. Buede = 997
25.1 Introduction = 997
25.2 Elements of Functional Analysis = 997
25.3 Functional Decomposition = 998
25.4 The Systems Engineering Requirements Statement and Functional Analysis = 1003
25.5 Diagrams and Software for Functional Analysis = 1016
26 Methods for the Modeling and Analysis of Alternatives / C. Els van Daalen ; Wil A.H. Thissen ; Alexander Verbraeck = 1037
26.1 Introduction = 1037
26.2 Quantitative Models and Methods = 1037
26.3 Physical System Models = 1043
26.4 System Dynamics = 1049
26.5 Discrete-event Simulation Models = 1053
26.6 Time-series Analysis = 1057
26.7 Economic Models of Costs and Benefits = 1064
26.8 Evaluation and Discussion = 1069
Appendix Modeling and Simulation Software = 1073
27 Operations Research and Refinement of Courses of Action / Keith W. Hipel ; D. Marc Kilgour ; Siamak Rajabi = 1077
27.1 Introduction = 1077
27.2 Operations Research = 1077
27.3 Operations Research and Systems Engineering = 1082
27.4 Operations Research Methods = 1084
27.5 Generating and Screening Actions = 1095
27.6 Multiple-criteria Decision Making = 1097
27.7 Multiple-participant Decision Making = 1104
27.8 Heuristic Programming = 1110
28 Decision Analysis / Craig W. Kirkwood = 1119
28.1 Introduction = 1119
28.2 Structuring Objectives = 1119
28.3 Developing Alternatives = 1124
28.4 Value Analysis = 1128
28.5 Decisions with Uncertainty = 1134
28.6 Multiple Objectives and Uncertainty = 1141
28.7 Decision Analysis Software = 1143
28.8 Concluding Comments = 1143
29 Project Planning : Planning for Action / Ruth Buys = 1147
29.1 Introduction = 1147
29.2 Network-based Systems Planning and Project Management = 1148
29.3 Pricing and Estimating = 1150
29.4 Risk and Cost Control = 1155
29.5 Maintenance and Support = 1160
29.6 Software for Planning Support = 1162
29.7 Presentation and Communication of Results of Systems Planning = 1166
29.8 Project Planning Pitfalls = 1169
29.9 Conclusion = 1173
30 Information Technology and Knowledge Management / William B. Rouse ; Andrew P. Sage = 1175
30.1 Introduction = 1175
30.2 Trends = 1177
30.3 Scenarios = 1182
30.4 Ten Challenges = 1185
30.5 Ecological Approaches to the Challenges = 1197
30.6 Conclusions = 1204
Index = 1211
