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Municipal waste has increased 22 % per capita from 1980 to 1997. At the same time, the difficulty of siting new waste disposal facilities has increased. While major progress has been made to lessen the per capita generation of air and water pollution over the past decades, waste generation is still on the rise. Faced with the increase of waste, many governments have reviewed available policy options and concluded that placing the responsibility for the post-consumer phase of certain goods on producers could provide a means to relieve certain environmental pressures, arising from post-consumer waste. Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is a policy approach under which producers accept significant responsibility - financial and/or physical - for the treatment or disposal of post-consumer products. Assigning such responsibility could provide incentives to prevent wastes at the source, promote product design for the environment and support the achievement of public recycling and materials management goals. Within the OECD the trend is towards the extension of EPR to new products, product groups and waste streams such as electrical appliances and electronics. This guidance manual represents one means to inform national governments about the potential benefits and costs associated with EPR.

정보제공 :

CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY = 9
 Introduction = 9
 Understanding EPR = 9
 Why Extended Producer Responsibility = 10
 EPR Today = 11
 Purpose of the Guidance Manual = 11
 Summary of contents = 12
 Conclusion = 13
CHAPTER 1 : OVERVIEW AND CONTEXT = 15
 1.1 Introduction = 15
 1.2 Purpose of the Guidance Manual = 15
 1.3 Background = 16
 1.4 Context = 16
  1.4.1 Internalisation of costs = 17
 1.5 What is Extended Producer Responsibility? = 18
 1.6 Why Extended Producer Responsibility? = 18
 1.7 Debate = 20
  1.7.1 Participation of actors in the product chain - sharing responsibilities = 20
  1.7.2 Setting targets = 20
 1.8 The Polluter-Pays Principle = 21
  1.8.1 EPR and PPP = 21
 1.9 Principle of EPR = 21
 1.10 EPR and Integrated Product Policy = 22
 1.11 Framework for analysis = 22
 1.12 Socio-economic and socio-cultural considerations = 24
CHAPTER 2 : EPR POLICY AND CONSIDERATIONS = 27
 2.1 Introduction = 27
 2.2 Guiding principles for EPR = 27
 2.3 Goals and objectives = 28
 2.4 Defining terms = 30
 2.5 Scope = 30
 2.6 Which products or waste streams? = 30
 2.7 Legal and administrative approaches = 33
  2.7.1 Mandatory approaches = 33
  2.7.2 Voluntary approaches = 33
 2.8 Targets and quotas = 34
 2.9 Matching supply and the capacity to manage the demand for recyclables = 34
 2.10 Roles and relationships of national and sub-national environmental goals, programmes and laws = 35
 2.11 Other aspects to consider = 35
  2.11.1 Consumption and production patterns = 35
  2.11.2 Stakeholder consultations = 35
  2.11.3 Transparency = 35
  2.11.4 Distributing information about EPR = 36
 2.12 Summary : checklist of points to consider = 37
CHAPTER 3 : INSTRUMENTS AND MEASURES = 39
 3.1 Introduction = 39
 3.2 Policy drivers = 39
 3.3 EPR policy instruments and measures = 40
  3.3.1 Take-back requirements = 40
   a) Product take-back = 40
  3.3.2 Economic instruments = 41
   a) Deposit／refund schemes = 42
   b) Advance disposal fees = 42
   c) Material taxes = 43
   d) Upstream combination tax／subsidy = 44
  3.3.3 Standards = 44
   a) Minimum recycled content requirements = 44
  3.3.4 Other industry-based measures = 44
   a) Leasing = 45
   b) Servicizing = 45
 3.4 What is the primary response to an instrument? = 45
 3.5 Applicability = 46
 3.6 Implementation components = 46
 3.7 Other government measures = 47
 3.8 Other instruments = 48
 3.9 Environmental effectiveness and economic efficiency of EPR = 48
 3.10 Selection criteria = 50
 3.11 Summary : checklist of points to consider = 51
CHAPTER 4 : ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES = 53
 4.1 Introduction = 53
 4.2 Context = 53
 4.3 The range of responsibilities = 53
  4.3.1 What is meant by responsibility? = 53
 4.4 Who is the producer and for what is he responsible? = 54
  4.4.1 Who is the producer? = 54
   a) Ultimate responsibility = 55
  4.4.2 Other responsibility combinations = 56
   a) Shared responsibilities = 56
   b) Apportioned responsibility = 57
 4.5 Distribution of responsibility = 58
 4.6 Considerations when allocating responsibility = 58
 4.7 Who pays? = 59
  4.7.1 Funding mechanisms = 60
  4.7.2 Internalisation of costs into the final price of the product = 60
 4.8 National government role = 60
 4.9 Local government role = 61
 4.10 Consumers = 61
 4.11 Role of retailers = 61
 4.12 Producer responsibility organisations = 61
 4.13 Summary : checklist of points to consider = 62
CHAPTER 5 : TRADE AND COMPETITION = 65
 5.1 Introduction = 65
 5.2 Trade issues = 66
  5.2.1 Actual and potential trade effects of EPR and related policy instruments = 66
   a) Trade effects in product markets = 67
   b) Economic instruments = 68
   c) Regulatory instruments and materials requirement = 69
  5.2.2 Trade effects in recyclable／secondary materials markets = 70
 5.3 EPR policies and the multilateral trading system = 71
  5.3.1 Transparency, consultation and technical assistance = 71
  5.3.2 Non-discrimination and other WTO issues = 74
   a) Non-discrimination = 74
   b) Exceptions = 75
  5.3.3 Technical barriers to trade agreement = 77
  5.3.4 Coverage of WTO rules = 78
   a) What are 'like' products? = 78
   b) Which policy instruments are covered by the WTO? = 79
 5.4 Competition issues = 80
  5.4.1 Competition effects in product markets = 80
  5.4.2 Competition effects in recyclable／secondary materials markets = 82
   a) Product／material collection services = 82
   b) Concentration of recyclable／secondary materials markets = 82
 5.5 Trade and competition issues - checklist of points to consider = 83
CHAPTER 6 : FREE RIDERS, ORPHAN AND EXISTING PRODUCTS = 85
 6.1 Introduction = 85
 6.2 Free riders = 85
 6.3 Orphan and existing products = 87
  6.3.1 Financing options for addressing orphan and existing products = 88
   a) Advance disposal fees = 88
   b) Fees paid at the time of purchase = 89
   c) The last owner pays = 89
   d) Insurance = 90
   e) Phase-in = 90
 6.4 Summary : checklist of points to consider = 91
CHAPTER 7 : FROM DESIGN TO IMPLEMENTATION = 93
 7.1 Introduction = 93
 7.2 Policy framework = 93
 7.3 Mandatory requirements = 94
 7.4 Voluntary approaches = 94
 7.5 Small and medium-sized enterprises(SME) = 96
 7.6 Transaction costs = 97
 7.7 Monitoring and reporting = 98
 7.8 Phasing-in = 98
 7.9 Getting started = 99
 7.10 Evaluations = 99
 7.11 The international dimension = 100
 7.12 Measuring progress and success = 100
  7.12.1 Quantitative = 100
   a) Resources = 100
   b) Waste reduction／prevention = 101
  7.12.2 Qualitative = 101
   a) Product redesign = 101
   b) Waste = 101
 7.13 Recommendations and lessons learned = 101
 7.14 Summary : checklist of points to consider = 103
CHAPTER 8 : FUTURE STEPS = 105
 8.1 Future Steps = 105
 8.2 Conclusion = 107
REFERENCES = 109
ANNEX 1 : MUNICIPAL WASTE GENERATION IN OECD = 115
ANNEX 2 : DEFINITONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLY - RELATED TAXES AND CHARGES = 117
ANNEX 3 : RECYCLING AMERICA'S RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES = 120
ANNEX 4 : TABLES = 124
ANNEX 5 : MINIMUM RECYCLED CONTENT LAWS IN THE U.S = 126
ANNEX 6 : CHARACTERISTICS OF EPR PROGRAMMES FOR ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT, (EEE) IN JAPAN, THE NETHERLANDS, SWEDEN AND EU = 127
ANNEX 7 : FLOW CHART OF RECYCLING AND CONSUMER ELECTRIC GOODS GOODS - JAPAN = 134
ANNEX 8 : ALLOCATION OF RESPONSIBILITY FOR ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT, (EEE) IN JAPAN AND THE NETHERLANDS - CHART A AND B = 135
ANNEX 9 : DEGREE OF PRODUCER INVOLVEMENT = 137
ANNEX 10 : EXAMPLES OF ACTORS AND THEIR ROLE IN A PRODUCT CHAIN = 138
ANNEX 11 : CASE STUDY OF THE SWEDISH AUTOMOBILE TAKE-BACK REQUIREMENT = 139
ANNEX 12 : LESSONS LEARNED BY THE DSD = 142
ANNEX 13 : CONTRACT COVERING THE RIGHT TO USE THE TRADE MARK = 146
ANNEX 14 : EPR IN GERMANY = 155
ANNEX 15 : EPR COMPARISON MATRIX = 160