CONTENTS
Acknowledgements = xi
Introduction = xiii
1 Rhythm, Stress Metre = 1
Rhythm = 1
Stress = 2
Word-Stress = 3
Sentence-Stress = 3
Alternation and Degrees of Stress = 4
Silent Stress? = 5
Stress-Timing and Sprung Rhythm = 6
Stress-Syllable Metre = 9
Iambic = 11
Anapestic = 11
Trochaic = 11
Dactylic = 12
Irregularities = 12
Rising and Falling = 14
The Foot and the Musical Bar = 15
Counterpoint Rhythm = 16
Pure Syllabic Metre = 18
Quantitative Metre = 18
Rhythmic Refreshment = 18
Finding a Rhythm = 20
Rhythmic Inheritance = 22
Rhythmic Association = 23
Examples = 25
2 The Sounds of English = 32
Vowels and Consonants = 33
Phonemes = 33
English Vowels = 34
Front Vowels = 34
Central Vowels = 34
Back Vowels = 35
Diphthongs = 35
Distinguishing Front and Back Vowels = 36
Vowel Order = 36
Vowel Length = 36
English Consonants = 37
Consonant Pairs = 37
Consonant Kinds = 37
Stops = 38
Fricatives = 38
Nasals = 38
Lateral = 38
Semi-Vowels = 38
List of Consonants = 40
Sound Patterns = 40
Consonant Patterns(Consonance) = 42
Alliteration = 42
Consonant Rhyme = 43
Vowel Patterns = 44
Assonance = 44
Vowel plus Consonant Patterns = 45
Rhyme = 45
Full Rhyme = 45
Near Rhyme = 46
Sound Association = 47
Examples = 48
3 The Poem's Shape = 55
Lines = 55
Shape and Pattern = 55
Some Traditional Stanza Forms = 56
Four-Line Stanza or Quatrain = 56
Ballad Stanza = 56
Rubai = 57
Three-Line Stanza or Tercet = 57
Terza RiMa = 57
Two-Line Stanza or Couplet = 58
Patterns using Repetition of Words or Ideas = 58
Refrain = 58
Parallelism and Antiphony = 59
Traditional Poem Forms = 59
Villanelle = 59
Sonnet = 60
Verse Paragraph = 62
Form in Contemporary Poetry = 62
Examples = 64
4 Content = 68
Economy and Intensity = 69
Particularity : Images = 70
Ideas and Feelings = 71
Scope = 75
Allusion = 77
Words = 81
Economy and Freshness = 82
Poetic Vocabulary／Diction = 83
The English Word Hoard = 84
English has Few Infections = 85
Extending the Use of Words= 86
Paradigm and Invention = 86
Handicapped Paradigms = 87
Puns = 88
Word Association = 89
Figurative Language = 90
Metaphor and Simile = 90
Other Figures of Speech = 92
5 Poetry in Society = 96
Poetry in the Past = 99
Poetry's Repercussions : a Somerset Example = 101
Questions for Poetry in Britain Today = 103
Poetry in a Different Society : Nicaragua = 111
6 Translating Poetry = 125
Three Kinds of Poetry Translation = 126
Literal Translation or Crib = 127
The Completely Free Version or Imitation = 127
The Middle Way : Translation with 'Some Latititude' = 129
Voice = 129
Poetry as Incarnate Word = 130
Translation Difficulties and Challenges = 132
Metre = 132
Sound = 133
Word Order =134
Puns and Anagrams = 136
Humour = 136
Images, Symbols, Associations = 137
Weather and Seasons = 137
Plants = 137
Institutions = 139
Parks of the Body = 139
Swear Words = 140
The Whole Poem as a Body of Words = 141
Translations of Rilke = 142
Translations of Apollinaire = 144
Translations of Cardenal = 147
Translation of Philippe Jaccottet = 149
Translation of Paul Celan = 149
Conclusion = 153
Short List of Addresses and Publications = 156
Index = 159
