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What explains violence against civilians in civil wars? Why do groups kill civilians in areas where they have full military control and their rivals have no military presence? This innovative book connects pre-war politics to patterns of violence during civil war. It argues that both local political rivalry and local revenge account for violence against civilians. Armed groups perpetrate direct violence jointly with local civilians, who collaborate when violence can help them gain or consolidate local political control. As civil war continues, revenge motives also come into play, leading to spirals of violence at a local level. In an important contribution to the study of the Spanish Civil War, Balcells combines statistical analyses with ethnographic and qualitative research to provide new insights to scholars and academic researchers with an interest in civil war, politics and conflict processes. Rivalry and Revenge is theoretically and empirically rich, and it offers a theory and method generalizable to a wide set of cases.

This book explores the motives of local political elites and armed groups in carrying out violence against civilians during civil war.

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CONTENTS
List of Figures = ix
Acknowledgments = xi
Conventions = xiv
Preface = xv
PART Ⅰ
 1 Violence Against Civilians During Civil Wars = 3
  1.1 Puzzle and State of the Art = 3
  1.2 Summary of the Argument = 5
  1.3 Theoretical Strategy = 11
  1.4 Case Selection and Research Design = 12
  1.5 Scope Conditions and External Validity = 15
  1.6 Plan of the Book = 16
 2 A Theory of Violence Against Civilians = 19
  2.1 Conceptual Considerations = 19
  2.2 A Theory of Direct Violence = 26
  2.3 Subsequent Time Periods = 37
  2.4 Additional Observable Implications = 41
  2.5 Discussion = 42
  2.6 Concluding Remarks = 43
PART Ⅱ
 3 History of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) = 49
  3.1 Introduction = 49
  3.2 Antecedents of the Civil War = 50
  3.3 Inside the War = 63
  3.4 Violence Against Civilians = 67
  3.5 The Study of Violence During the Spanish Civil "War : Data Sources and Caveats = 76
  3.6 Regional Patterns of Violence = 77
 4 Executions and Massacres During the Spanish Civil War = 87
  4.1 Direct Violence in Initial Periods of the Spanish Civil War = 87
  4.2 Violence in Non-Initial Periods = 116
  4.3 Localities That Fit the Theory and Outliers = 124
  4.4 Additional Empirical Checks = 127
  4.5 Concluding Remarks = 128
 5 Bombardments During the Spanish Civil War = 130
  5.1 Introduction = 130
  5.2 Is Indirect Violence Necessarily Indiscriminate? = 131
  5.3 Accounting for Indirect Violence Against Civilians = 132
  5.4 Bombardments in Catalonia During the Spanish Civil War = 135
  5.5 Conclusions = 145
PART Ⅲ
 6 The Conflict in Côte d''''Ivoire (2002-2011) = 151
  6.1 Introduction = 151
  6.2 The Civil War in Côte d''''Ivoire = 152
  6.3 Direct Violence in 2010-2011 = 164
  6.4 Concluding Remarks = 169
 7 Additional Evidence and Macro-Level Implications = 171
  7.1 Introduction = 171
  7.2 Evidence from Other Cases = 171
  7.3 Large-n Analyses = 175
  7.4 Conclusions = 180
 8 Conclusions = 181
  8.1 Main Lessons = 181
  8.2 Lessons About Case Studies = 184
  8.3 Competing Explanations = 187
  8.4 Broader Implications and Next Steps = 189
Concluding Remarks = 192
Appendix = 194
Bibliography = 219
Index = 252