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Using classic thermodynamic principles as the point of departure, this new edition of a popular resource supplies the understanding and tools required to measure process efficiency and sustainability with much improved accuracy. Exploring the driving forces in the chemical and power industries, Efficiency and Sustainability in the Energy and Chemical Industries: Scientific Principles and Case Studies, Second Edition investigates why losses occur and explains how to reduce such losses.

Numerous case studies, examples, and problems illustrate the thermodynamic analysis of process performance to explain how to effectively analyze and optimize work flows and environmental resources. The authors compare the present industrial society with an emerging one in which mass production and consumption are in harmony with the natural environment through closure of material cycles. In this second edition, the book’s structure of Basics, Thermodynamic Analysis of Processes, Case Studies, and Sustainability has been unaffected, but a few additions have been made.

New and updated information includes:

• A new chapter dedicated to the increasing levels of CO₂ emissions, with special attention to the removal and storage of CO₂
• A new chapter on the rapidly emerging hydrogen economy
• An extended chapter on lifecycle analysis that examines the fate of the quality of energy during the lifecycle
• Increased focus on integrating the environment into the thermodynamic analysis of the systems or processes considered
• New problem sets and exercises

Complete with the keys to a quantification of process efficiency and sustainability, this cutting-edge resource is the ideal guide for those engaged in the transition from fossil-based fuels to renewable and sustainable energy sources using low-waste procedures.

Using classic thermodynamic principles, this new edition of a popular resource supplies the understanding and tools required to measure process efficiency and sustainability with much improved accuracy. Exploring the driving forces in the chemical and power industries, the book investigates why losses occur and explains how to reduce such losses. Numerous case studies, examples, and problems illustrate the thermodynamic analysis of process performance to explain how to effectively analyze and optimize work flows and environmental resources. New chapters focus on CO2 emissions, lifecycle analysis, and integration of the environment into the thermodynamic analysis of systems and processes. The book also contains new problem sets and exercises.

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Introduction	
References	
Thermodynamics Revisited	
    The System and Its Environment	
    States and State Properties	
    Processes and Their Conditions	
    The First Law	
    The Second Law and Boltzmann	
    The Second Law and Clausius	
    Change in Composition	
    The Structure of a Thermodynamic Application	
    Energy "Consumption" and Lost Work	
    The Carnot Factor	
    Lessons from a Heat Exchanger	
    Lost Work and Entropy Generation	
    Entropy Generation: Cause and Effect	
    Equilibrium Thermodynamics	
    On Forces and Flows: Cause and Effect	
    Cause and Effect: The Relation between Forces and Flows	
    Coupling	
    Limited Validity of Linear Laws	
    Reduction of Lost Work	
    A Remarkable Triangle	
    Carnot Revisited: From Ideal to Real Processes	
    Finite-Time, Finite-Size Thermodynamics	
    The Principle of Equipartitioning	
Thermodynamic Analysis Of Processes	
    Exergy, a Convenient Concept	
    The Convenience of the Exergy Concept	
    Example of a Simple Analysis	
    The Quality of the Joule	
    Example of the Quality Concept	
Chemical Exergy	
    Exergy of Mixing	
    Chemical Exergy	
    Cumulative Exergy Consumption	
Simple Applications	
Case Studies	
Energy Conversion	
    Global Energy Consumption	
    Global Exergy Flows	
    Exergy or Lost Work Analysis	
    Electric Power Generation	
    Coal Conversion Processes	
    Thermodynamic Analysis of Gas Combustion	
    Steam Power Plant	
    Gas Turbines, Combined Cycles, and Cogeneration	
Separations	
    Propane, Propylene, and Their Separation	
    Basics	
    The Ideal Column: Thermodynamic Analysis	
    The Real Column	
    Exergy Analysis with a Flow Sheet Program	
    Remedies	
Chemical Conversion	
    Polyethylene Processes: A Brief Overview	
    Exergy Analysis: Preliminaries	
    Results of the HP LDPE Process Exergy Analysis	
    Process Improvement Options	
    Results of the Gas-Phase Polymerization Process Exergy Analysis	
    Process Improvement Options	
A Note on Life Cycle Analysis	
    Life Cycle Analysis Methodology	
    Life Cycle Analysis and Exergy	
    Zero-Emission ELCA	
Sustainability	
Sustainable Development	
    Nature as an Example of Sustainability	
    A Sustainable Economic System	
    Toward a Solar-Fueled Society: A Thermodynamic Perspective	
    Ecological Restrictions	
    Thermodynamic Criteria for Sustainability Analysis	
Efficiency and Sustainability in the Chemical Process Industry	
    Lost Work in the Process Industry	
    The Processes	
    Thermodynamic Efficiency	
    Efficient Use of High-Quality Resources	
    Toward Sustainability	
    Chemical Routes	
CO 2 Capture and Sequestration	
    CO 2 Emissions	
    The Carbon Cycle	
    Carbon Sequestration: Separation and Storage and Reuse of CO 2 Carbon Capture Research	
    Geologic Sequestration Research	
    Carbon Tax and Cap-and-Trade	
Sense and Nonsense of Green Chemistry and Biofuels	
    Principles of Green Chemistry	
    Raw Materials	
    Conversion Technologies	
    How Green Are Green Plastics	
    Biofuels: Reality or Illusion?	
Solar Energy Conversion	
    "Lighting the Way"	
    Characteristics	
    The Creation of Wind Energy	
    Photothermal Conversion	
    Photovoltaic Energy Conversion	
    Photosynthesis	
Hydrogen: Fuel of the Future?	
    The Hydrogen Economy	
    Current Hydrogen Economy	
    Conventional Hydrogen Production from Conventional Sources	
    Hydrogen from Renewables	
    Hydrogen as an Energy Carrier	
    Hydrogen as a Transportation Fuel	
    Efficiency of Obtaining Transportation Fuels	
    Challenges of the Hydrogen Economy	
    Hydrogen Production: Centralized or Decentralized?	
    Infrastructure	
    Hydrogen Storage	
    Fuel Cells as a Possible Alternative to Internal Combustion	
    Costs of the Hydrogen Economy	
Future Trends	
Energy Industries	
    Chemical Industries	
    Changing Opinions on Investment	
    Transition	
Epilogue	
Problems	
Index