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Bridge the gap between research and practice with DePoy and Gitlin's Introduction to Research: Understanding and Applying Multiple Strategies, 4^th Edition. This completely updated, user-friendly text helps you better understand not only the research process, but also research designs and their applications to the real world of clinical practice. Covering multiple research strategies (including both qualitative and quantitative research), it gives you a balanced approach to various research traditions, addressing the key issues that are emerging in today's health care environment.

• Case examples provide real-life snapshots of what it is like to participate in different types of research processes, identify research dilemmas relevant to chapter subjects, and alert you to problems you might encounter.
• Authors make the topics more accessible, so research becomes more relevant - and topics come to life.
• Covers experimental-type, naturalistic, and mixed method design strategies to improve your ability to compare, contrast, and integrate different methods.
• Presents complex information clearly in a highly readable, and easy-to-understand, manner.
• Includes detailed discussions of qualitative and quantitative methodologies, a unique and balanced focus that makes this text more comprehensive than others in its field.

• NEW! Up-to-date research methods, strategies, and references, like digital sources, visual methods, and geographical analysis, give you the latest information on research in diverse areas of health and human services.

Reviews

"Providing a bridge between research and practice, this text for undergraduate and advanced students in the health and human services helps readers develop their clinical intuition to inform research, thinking, and action. Early chapters cover philosophical foundations and offer guidelines on reviewing the literature and formulating research questions. Design approaches are then described, covering both experimental-type designs and naturalistic inquiry designs, and practical actions are explained, such as setting the boundaries of a study, collecting info, and statistical analysis. Stories from the authors' own research practice demonstrate how to improve practice through inquiry. This fourth edition contains new material on ethics and informed consent documentation, and a new chapter on seeking financial support for research ideas, plus practical hints for getting started writing a research proposal. A student website offers background on statistics, web links, sample forms, and reference lists linked to PubMed abstracts. DePoy teaches interdisciplinary disabilities studies and social work at the University of Maine. Gitlin teaches occupational therapy at Thomas Jefferson University."

- Book News, Inc.

정보제공 :

Section	Section Description	Page Number
Part I	Introduction	
Chapter 1	    Research as an Important Way of Knowing	p. 2
        What Is Research?	p. 2
            Research as Multiple Systematic Strategies	p. 3
            Research as Thinking and Action Processes	p. 4
            Research as Four Baste Characteristics	p. 7
        What Research Is Not	p. 8
            Setting the Stage by Example	p. 9
        When and Why Is Research Necessary and Useful?	p. 9
        Summary	p. 12
Chapter 2	    Essentials of Research	p. 14
        Ten Essentials of Research	p. 14
            Identify a Philosophical Foundation	p. 16
            Frame a Research Problem	p. 17
            Determine and Evaluate Supporting Knowledge	p. 18
            Identify a Theory Base and Evaluate Its Adequacy	p. 19
            Develop a Specific Question or Query	p. 19
            Select a Design Strategy	p. 20
            Set Study Boundaries	p. 21
            Obtain Information	p. 21
            Analyze Information and Draw Conclusions	p. 21
            Share and Use Research Knowledge	p. 22
        Ethical Considerations	p. 22
        Summary	p. 22
Chapter 3	    Research Ethics	p. 24
        Ethics of Knowledge Generation and Use in Professional and Personal Lives	p. 24
            Ethics of Conduct Throughout the Research Process	p. 24
            Ethical Frameworks and Reasoning	p. 25
        Principles for Protecting Human Subjects	p. 26
            Full Disclosure	p. 26
            Confidentiality	p. 28
            Voluntary Participation	p. 29
        Belmont Report	p. 30
            Institutional Review Board	p. 31
            Three Levels of Review	p. 33
        Informed Consent Process	p. 33
            Study Approval and Monitoring	p. 35
            Developing an Informed Consent Document	p. 38
        Involving Vulnerable Populations	p. 39
        Specialized Oversight of Experimental-Type Designs	p. 40
        Summary	p. 41
Part II	Thinking Processes	
Chapter 4	    Philosophical Foundations	p. 44
        Research Traditions	p. 45
        Philosophical Foundations of Experimental-Type Research	p. 45
        Philosophical Foundations of Naturalistic Inquiry	p. 46
        Philosophical Foundations of Mixed Methods	p. 47
            Experimental-Type Research	p. 47
            Naturalistic Inquiry	p. 48
        Integrating the Two Research Traditions-Mixed Methods	p. 49
        Implications of Philosophical Differences for Design	p. 52
        Selecting a Research Tradition and Design Strategy	p. 52
            Purpose of Research	p. 53
            Preference for Knowing	p. 54
            Level of Knowledge Development	p. 54
        Practical Considerations	p. 54
        Summary	p. 55
Chapter 5	    Framing the Problem	p. 56
        Identifying a Topic	p. 57
            Professional Experience	p. 58
            Societal Trends	p. 58
            Professional Trends	p. 59
            Research Studies	p. 59
            Existing Theory	p. 60
        Framing a Research Problem	p. 61
            Interest, Relevance, and Need	p. 61
            Research Purpose	p. 61
            Epistemology (Theory of Knowledge)	p. 63
            Resources	p. 63
        Summary	p. 63
Chapter 6	    Developing a Knowledge Base Through Literature and Resources	p. 65
        Why Review the Literature?	p. 66
            Determine What Research Has Been Conducted on the Topic of Inquiry	p. 66
            Determine Level of Theory and Knowledge Development Relevant to Your Project	p. 67
            Determine Relevance of the Current Knowledge Base to Your Problem Area	p. 69
            Provide a Rationale for Selection of the Research Strategy	p. 70
        How to Conduct a Literature Search	p. 70
Step 1	            Determine When to Conduct a Search	p. 70
Step 2	            Delimit What Is Searched	p. 71
Step 3	            Access Databases for Periodicals, Books, and Documents	p. 71
Step 4	            Organize Information	p. 76
Step 5	            Critically Evaluate the Literature	p. 78
Step 6	            Write the Literature Review	p. 78
        Summary	p. 80
Chapter 7	    Theory in Research	p. 82
        Why Is Theory Important?	p. 83
        What Is Theory?	p. 85
            Levels of Abstraction	p. 85
        Role of Theory in Design Selection	p. 88
        Theory in Experimental-Type Research	p. 89
            Common Theories Used in Health and Human Service Research	p. 91
        Theory in Naturalistic Inquiry	p. 92
        Theory Use in Mixed Methods	p. 95
        Summary	p. 95
Chapter 8	    Formulating Research Questions and Queries	p. 97
        Research Questions in Experimental-Type Design	p. 98
Level 1	            Questions That Seek to Describe Phenomena	p. 98
Level 2	            Questions That Explore Relationships Among Phenomena	p. 100
Level 3	            Questions That Test Knowledge	p. 101
            Developing Experimental-Type Research Questions	p. 103
            Hypotheses	p. 103
        Research Queries in Naturalistic Inquiry	p. 104
            Classic Ethnography	p. 105
            Phenomenology	p. 106
            Grounded Theory	p. 107
            Narrative	p. 107
            Developing Naturalistic Research Queries	p. 108
        Integrating Research Approaches	p. 108
        Summary	p. 110
Chapter 9	    Language and Thinking Processes	p. 112
        Experimental-Type Language and Thinking Processes	p. 113
            Sequence of Experimental-Type Research	p. 114
            Structure of Experimental-Type Research	p. 115
            Plan of Design	p. 118
            Summary of the Role of Design in Experimental-Type Inquiry	p. 126
        Naturalistic Language and Thinking Processes	p. 126
            Purpose	p. 126
            Context Specificity	p. 127
            Complexity and Pluralistic Perspective of Reality	p. 127
            Transferability of Findings	p. 128
            Flexibility	p. 128
            Language	p. 129
            Emic and Etic Perspectives	p. 129
            Gathering Information and Analysis	p. 130
            Naturalistic Design Summary	p. 130
        Integrated and Mixed Method Approaches	p. 131
        Summary	p. 131
Part III	Design Approaches	
Chapter 10	    Experimental-Type Designs	p. 134
        True-Experimental Designs	p. 135
            Randomization	p. 136
            Control Group	p. 137
            Manipulation	p. 138
        True-Experimental Design Variations	p. 138
            Posttest-Only Designs	p. 138
            Solomon Four-Group Designs	p. 139
            Factorial Designs	p. 139
            Counterbalance Designs	p. 140
            True-Experimental Design Summary	p. 141
        Quasi-experimental Designs	p. 141
            Nonequivalent Control Group Designs	p. 142
            Interrupted Time Series Designs	p. 143
            Combined Design	p. 144
            Quasi-Experimental Design Summary	p. 144
        Pre-experimental Designs	p. 144
            One-Shot Case Study	p. 144
            Static Group Comparison	p. 145
            Pretest-Posttest Design	p. 145
            Pre-experimental Design Summary	p. 146
        Nonexperimental Designs	p. 146
            Survey Designs	p. 146
            Passive Observation Designs	p. 147
            Ex Post Facto Designs	p. 148
            Nonexperimental Design Summary	p. 148
        Experimental-Type Meta-analysis	p. 148
            Geographic Techniques	p. 149
        Epidemiology	p. 150
        Clinical Trial Methodology	p. 152
            Phases of Clinical Trials	p. 152
            Blinding (Masking)	p. 153
            Randomization Scheme	p. 154
        Criteria for Selecting Appropriate and Adequate Experimental-Type Designs	p. 154
        Summary	p. 156
Chapter 11	    Naturalistic Designs	p. 158
        Endogenous Research	p. 159
        Participatory Action Research	p. 161
        Critical Theory	p. 162
        Phenomenology	p. 163
        Heuristic Research	p. 164
        Ethnography	p. 165
        Narrative Inquiry	p. 166
        Life History	p. 167
        Object Reading	p. 168
        Grounded Theory	p. 169
        Naturalistic Meta-analysis	p. 170
        Summary	p. 171
Chapter 12	    Mixed Method Designs	p. 173
        Approaches to Mixing Methods	p. 173
            Case Study	p. 175
            Structure of Case Study Designs	p. 175
        Design Sequence	p. 176
            AB Design	p. 177
            Structural Variations	p. 177
            Time Series Design	p. 177
            Data Collection and Analysis	p. 178
            Naturalistic Structure	p. 178
        Summary	p. 178
Part IV	Action Processes	
Chapter 13	    Setting the Boundaries of a Study	p. 182
        Mixing Boundary Setting Methods	p. 182
        Why Set Boundaries to a Study?	p. 183
        Implications of Boundary Setting	p. 185
        Specifying the Scope of Participation	p. 187
        General Guidelines for Bounding Studies	p. 188
            Subjects, Respondents, Informants, Participants, Locations, Conceptual Boundaries, Virtual Boundaries	p. 188
            Some Words About Setting Boundaries in Mixed Methods	p. 189
        Summary	p. 189
Chapter 14	    Boundary Setting in Experimental-Type Designs	p. 190
        Sampling Process	p. 191
        Probability Sampling	p. 193
            Simple Random Sampling	p. 195
            Systematic Sampling	p. 196
            Stratified Random Sampling	p. 197
            Cluster Sampling	p. 198
        Nonprobability Methods	p. 198
            Convenience Sampling	p. 199
            Purposive Sampling	p. 199
            Snowball Sampling	p. 199
            Quota Sampling	p. 200
            Sampling without Human Subjects	p. 200
            Sampling in the Virtual Environment	p. 200
        Comparing Sample to Population	p. 201
        Determining Sample Size	p. 202
        Summary	p. 203
Chapter 15	    Boundary Setting in Naturalistic Designs	p. 205
        Ways of Setting Boundaries	p. 206
            The Setting	p. 206
            Groups	p. 207
            Experiences of Interest	p. 208
            Concepts	p. 208
            Objects	p. 209
            Narrative Boundaries	p. 209
            Images	p. 210
        The Process of Setting Boundaries	p. 210
            What or Whom to Choose and on What Basis	p. 213
            Maximum Variation	p. 213
            Homogeneous Selection	p. 213
            Theory-Based Selection	p. 214
            Confirming and Disconfirming Cases	p. 214
            Extreme or Deviant Case	p. 214
            Typical Case	p. 214
            How Many Study Participants, Sources?	p. 214
        Ethical Considerations	p. 215
        Summary	p. 216
Chapter 16	    Collecting Information	p. 218
        Principles of Information Collection	p. 219
        Looking, Watching, Listening, Reading, and Recording	p. 219
        Asking	p. 220
            Interviews	p. 221
            Questionnaires	p. 222
        Obtaining and Examining Materials	p. 223
            Unobtrusive Methodology	p. 223
            Secondary Data Analysis	p. 223
            Geographic Data	p. 224
            Information in the Virtual and Information Technology Environment	p. 225
            Artifact Review	p. 225
        Summary	p. 225
Chapter 17	    Collecting Data Through Measurement in Experimental-Type Research	p. 227
        Measurement Process	p. 228
            Levels of Measurement	p. 229
            Determining Appropriate Level	p. 232
        Measurement Scales	p. 232
            Likert-Type Scale	p. 233
            Guttman Scale	p. 233
            Semantic Differential Scale	p. 234
        Confidence in Instruments	p. 234
            Reliability	p. 234
            Validity	p. 237
        Considerations in Selecting a Measure	p. 239
            Purpose of Assessment	p. 239
            Psychometric Properties	p. 240
            Population	p. 240
            Information Sources	p. 241
            Item Selection	p. 243
            Response Sets	p. 243
        Constructing an Instrument	p. 244
        Administering the Instrument	p. 245
        A Few Words About Big Data	p. 245
        Summary	p. 245
Chapter 18	    Gathering Information in Naturalistic Inquiry	p. 248
        Four Information-Gathering Principles	p. 249
            Investigator involvement	p. 249
            Information Collection and Analysis	p. 250
            Time Commitment in the Context	p. 250
            Multiple information-Gathering Strategies	p. 251
            Overview of Principles	p. 252
        Information-Gathering Process	p. 252
            Selecting the Context	p. 253
            Gaining Access	p. 253
            Gaining Familiarity	p. 255
        Information-Gathering Strategies	p. 256
            Observing: Looking, Watching, and Listening	p. 256
            Asking	p. 257
            Four Components of Asking Strategies	p. 258
            Examining Materials	p. 260
        Recording Information	p. 261
            Field Notes	p. 261
            Voice Recording	p. 262
            Imaging	p. 263
        Accuracy in Collecting Information	p. 264
            Multiple Data Gatherers	p. 264
            Triangulation (Crystallization)	p. 264
            Saturation	p. 265
            Member Checking	p. 265
            Reflexivity	p. 265
            Audit Trail	p. 266
            Peer Debriefing	p. 266
        Summary	p. 267
Chapter 19	    Preparing and Organizing Data	p. 269
        Managing Data in Experimental-Type Research	p. 270
        Managing Data in Naturalistic Inquiry	p. 275
            Some Words About Mixed Methods	p. 279
        Practical Considerations	p. 279
        Summary	p. 280
Chapter 20	    Statistical Analysis for Experimental-Type Designs	p. 282
        What Is Statistical Analysis?	p. 283
        Some Words About Mixed Methods	p. 284
Level 1	        Descriptive Statistics	p. 285
            Frequency Distribution	p. 285
            Measures of Central Tendency	p. 288
            Measures of Variability	p. 290
            Bivariate Descriptive Statistics	p. 293
Level 2	        Drawing Inferences	p. 295
Action 1	            State the Hypothesis	p. 297
Action 2	            Select a Significance Level	p. 298
Action 3	            Compute a Calculated Value	p. 299
Action 4	            Obtain a Critical Value	p. 302
Action 5	            Reject or Fail to Reject the Null Hypothesis	p. 303
Level 3	        Associations and Relationships	p. 303
            Geospatial Analysis: GiS	p. 304
            Other Visual Analysis Action Processes	p. 305
        Summary	p. 309
Chapter 21	    Analysis in Naturalistic Inquiry	p. 311
        Some Words About Mixed Methods	p. 312
        Strategies and Stages in Naturalistic Analysis	p. 312
        Stage One: Inception of a Study	p. 314
            Engaging in Thinking Process	p. 314
            Developing Categories	p. 315
            Coding	p. 316
            Developing Taxonomies	p. 317
            Discovering the Whole	p. 317
        Stage Two: Formal Report Preparation	p. 318
        Examples of Analytical Processes in Diverse Naturalistic Designs	p. 318
            Grounded Theory	p. 318
            Ethnography	p. 319
        Accuracy and Rigor in Analysis	p. 319
            Triangulation (Crystallization)	p. 321
            Saturation	p. 321
            Member Checking	p. 321
            Reflexivity	p. 321
            Audit Trail	p. 321
            Peer Debriefing	p. 321
        Summary	p. 322
Chapter 22	    Sharing Research Knowledge Before the Study	p. 324
        Reasons for Sharing Before Engagement	p. 324
        Where to Seek Support for a Research Idea	p. 325
        Who Reads a Proposal?	p. 327
        Writing a Research Proposal	p. 328
            Basic Principles	p. 328
            Common Elements of a Research Proposal	p. 329
        Special Considerations	p. 337
            Preparing an Experimental-Type Proposal	p. 338
            Preparing a Naturalistic Proposal	p. 338
            Preparing a Mixed Method Proposal	p. 338
            Submitting the Proposal	p. 338
        Summary	p. 339
Chapter 23	    Sharing Research Knowledge During and After the Study	p. 340
        Crafting a Report	p. 341
            Clarity	p. 342
            Purpose	p. 342
            Multiple Audiences	p. 342
            Citations	p. 343
        Experimental-Type Reporting	p. 344
        Specific Reporting Requirements	p. 346
        Preparing Tables and Figures	p. 347
        Preparing a Naturalistic Report	p. 348
            Ethnography	p. 350
            Phenomenology	p. 350
        Preparing a Mixed Methods Report	p. 350
        Accessibility	p. 351
        Linguistic Sensitivity	p. 351
        Integrity of Presentation	p. 352
            Publishing Your Work	p. 352
            Sharing Your Research Through Other Methods	p. 353
        Summary	p. 353
Part V	Improving Practice Through Inquiry	
Chapter 24	    Reciprocal Role of Research and Practice	p. 356
        Evidence-Based Practice	p. 356
            Definitions and Models	p. 357
            Approaches to Identifying Evidence	p. 358
            Limitations of Evidence-Based Practice	p. 360
            Treatment Fidelity	p. 361
            Practice-Based Research	p. 362
            Translation Research	p. 362
        Evaluation and Examined Practice	p. 362
            Problem and Need Clarification	p. 363
            Reflexive Intervention	p. 363
            Monitoring (Process Assessment) Resource Analysis	p. 364
            Consideration of Influences on the Intervention	p. 364
            Outcome Assessment	p. 364
        Summary	p. 364
Chapter 25	    Stories From the Field	p. 366
        Soup to Nuts	p. 366
        Just Beginning	p. 368
        What Did You Expect?	p. 368
        In Search of Significance!	p. 368
        Is Health Care Effective?	p. 369
        Does This Work for You?	p. 369
        A "Good" Research Subject	p. 369
        A "Bad" Research Subject	p. 369
        Literacy Is Not Literacy	p. 370
        Native American?	p. 370
        The Pearson, or the Moral of the Coding Story	p. 370
        If You Can''t Deliver, Don''t Ask	p. 370
        Don''t Ask If You''re Not Prepared to Answer	p. 370
        No Detail Too Small	p. 371
        Inductive? No Way	p. 371
        Wow, You Got It!	p. 371
Glossary	p. 372
Index	p. 385