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This book enables STEMM researchers to write effective papers for publication as well as other research-related texts such as a doctoral thesis, technical report, or conference abstract.

Science Research Writing uses a reverse-engineering approach to writing developed from extensive work with STEMM researchers at Imperial College London. This approach unpacks current models of STEMM research writing and helps writers to generate the writing tools needed to operate those models effectively in their own field. The reverse-engineering approach also ensures that writers develop future-proof strategies that will evolve alongside the coming changes in research communication platforms.

The Second Edition has been extensively revised and updated to represent current practice and focuses on the writing needs of both early-stage doctoral STEMM researchers and experienced professional researchers at the highest level, whether or not they are native speakers of English. The book retains the practical, user-friendly format of the First Edition, and now contains seven units that deal separately with the components of written STEMM research communication: Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, Conclusion, Abstract and Title, as well as extensive FAQ responses and a new Checklist and Tips section. Each unit analyses extracts from recent published STEMM journal papers to enable researchers to discover not only what to write, but, crucially, how to write it.

The global nature of science research requires fast, accurate communication of highly complex information that can be understood by all participants. Like the First Edition, the Second Edition is intended as a fast, do-it-yourself guide to make both the process and the product of STEMM research writing more effective.

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Acknowledgements v

Preface to the Second Edition vii

Introduction xiii

Unit 1 How to Write the Introduction 1

1.1 The Structure and Content of the Introduction 3

1.2 Building a Model 4

1.3 Testing and Adjusting the Model 18

1.4 Useful Words and Phrases 45

1.5 Language and Writing Skills 53

1.6 Writing the Introduction 69

Unit 2 How to Write about Methods 73

2.1 The Structure and Content of the Methods Section 75

2.2 Building a Model 77

2.3 Testing and Adjusting the Model 89

2.4 Useful Words and Phrases 99

2.5 Language and Writing Skills 113

2.6 Writing a Methods Section 127

Unit 3 How to Write about Results 139

3.1 The Structure and Content of the Results 141

3.2 Building a Model 142

3.3 Testing and Adjusting the Model 157

3.4 Useful Words and Phrases 169

3.5 Language and Writing Skills: The Certainty Continuum 183

Unit 4 How to Write the Discussion 189

4.1 How to Write the Discussion 191

4.2 Building Your Own Model 192

4.3 Testing and Adjusting the Basic Generic Model 209

4.4 Useful Words and Phrases 221

4.5 Language and Writing Skills: Modal Verbs 229

4.6 Summary Discussion Exercise 242

Unit 5 How to Write the Conclusion 243

5.1 Building a Model 246

5.2 Testing and Adjusting the Model 257

5.3 Useful Words and Phrases 258

5.4 Language and Writing Skills 259

Unit 6 Writing the Abstract 263

6.1 Guidelines for the Abstract 266

6.2 Types of Abstract 269

6.3 A Generic Abstract Model 286

6.4 Language 290

6.5 Summary Abstract Exercise 297

Unit 7 Writing the Title 299

7.1 Check Average Length 304

7.2 Using Acronyms 305

7.3 Compare the Title Keywords to the Keyword List 306

7.4 Check the Grammar of the Title 307

7.5 Map and Model the Structural Content of the Titles in Target Articles 309

7.6 Check that Expectations that the Title Suggests Are Fulfilled in the Paper 310

Unit 8 Checklist and Tips 313

8.1 Organising the Information 315

8.2 Creating Sentences 318

8.3 Grammar and Vocabulary 321

8.4 General 329

Sources and Credits 331

Appendix A Prefixes Used in Science Writing 337

Appendix B Research Verbs 341

Writing Skills Index 345

Language Index 347