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Intended for undergraduate college and trade school students, or for business personnel. Assumes no familiarity with analysis and design. Arrangement is in sections on establishing a framework, data gathering and analysis using data and process modeling methods, logical and physical design, database technologies, justifying and managing analysis and design projects, and maintaining and securing the system. Annotation copyright Book News, Inc. Portland, Or.

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CONTENTS
Preface = xix
PART I ESTABLISHING A FRAMEWORK FOR SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN = 1
 CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design = 2
  overview = 2
  Key Terms = 3
  Definition of Systems Analysis and Design = 5
  General Systems Theory = 9
   Systems Theory Model of the Firm = 14
  The Management Information System(MIS) = 17
   Methods of Supplying Information = 17
   Subsystems of the Management Information System = 20
   Management Levels and Operational Personnel = 23
  Attributes of Systems = 25
   Central Purpose = 25
   System Structure = 27
   System Dependence = 27
   System Integration = 27
   System Interaction = 27
  Information Resource Management(IRM) = 28
   Elements of Information Resource Management = 28
  Systems Spanning Computer Architectures = 29
   Differences in Computer Architectures = 30
   Spanned System Architecture = 30
  Environmental Considerations in Systems Design = 31
  Database Considerations in Systems Design = 34
  Attributes and Qualifications of a Systems Analyst = 35
   Educational Requirements = 37
   Job Opportunities = 37
  Review = 38
  Questions = 39
 CHAPTER 2 Business and Information Systems Modeling Using A&D Modeling Methods and Methodology = 42
  Overview = 42
  Key Terms = 43
  Modeling the Business = 44
   Business Objects = 44
   Business Activities = 46
   Associations = 47
  Methodology = 51
   Structured Methodology = 52
   Methodology Components = 52
   A Methodology for Systems Analysis and Design = 58
  Two Approaches to Designing Information systems = 59
  Data Modeling Methods = 59
   Entity / Relationship (E／R) Modeling Method = 60
  Activity Modeling Methods = 62
   System Flow Charts = 63
   Function Decomposition Modeling Method = 65
   Process Modeling Methods = 66
   Procedure Modeling Methods = 78
  Object-Oriented Modeling Methods = 87
  Prototyping as a Modeling Method = 91
  Computer-Aided Software Engineering(CASE) = 92
   The Philosophy Behind Using CASE = 92
   Components of CASE = 93
   Integrated CASE Systems = 95
   The Benefits of Using CASE = 96
   The Importance of Using CASE = 97
  The Text Methodology = 98
  Review = 102
  Questions = 103
  Exercises = 107
  Selected References by Topic = 108
   Structured Modeling Methods = 108
   Object-Oriented Modeling Methods = 109
   Methodology and Information Engineering = 109
   computer-Aided Software Engineering = 109
 CHAPTER 3 The System Development Life Cycle = 110
  Overview = 110
  Key Terms = 111
  System Development Life Cycle Phases = 112
   Problem Definition = 113
   System Analysis = 115
   System Design = 118
   System Development = 121
   System Testing = 121
   System Implementation = 122
   Formal Review = 123
   System Project Modification and Enhancement = 124
   System Maintenance = 124
  Project Management = 126
  Reactive and Proactive System Development = 127
  Sample Project Profile for National Golf & Tennis(NG&T) = 128
   Present System Concerns = 129
   New System Requirements = 129
   Management Decisions = 130
   Specific System Objectives = 130
   System Analysis and Design at NG&T = 131
  Review = 131
  Questions = 132
  Exercises = 134
  Selected References = 134
PART II DATA GATHERING AND ANALYSIS USING DATA AND PROCESS MODELING METHODS = 135
 CHAPTER 4 Defining the Problem and Collection Data = 136
  Overview = 136
  Key Terms = 137
  Types of Systems and Associated Problems = 137
   Management Information Systems = 138
   Decision Support Systems = 138
   Management Support Systems = 139
   Transaction Processing Systems = 140
  Investigating a Project and Studying Its Feasibility = 141
   Authorization for Project Investigation = 141
   Determining the Feasibility of the Project = 142
  Preparing a Plan of Investigation = 142
   Objectives of the Project = 143
  Detecting and Defining the Problem = 144
   Determining Whether a Problem Actually Exists = 144
   separating Problems from Symptoms of Problems = 145
   Major Types of System Problems = 146
   Problem Domains = 147
  Methods of Data Collection = 149
   Collecting Data from User = 149
   Archival Data Sources = 156
   personal Observation = 158
   On-Site work Sampling = 159
  Joint Application Design(JAD) = 159
   Benefits of JADs = 160
   JAD participants = 160
   Preparing for and Conduction JADs = 163
  Review = 167
  Questions = 168
  Exercises = 170
  Selected References = 170
 CHAPTER 5 Analyzing the Problem Using Data Modeling Methods = 172
  Overview = 172
  Key Terms = 173
  Modeling Business Objects = 173
  Basic Premises of Business Modeling = 177
   Data Types Rarely Change = 178
   Functions Rarely Change = 178
   Processes Change More than Functions = 179
   Procedure Frequently Change = 179
   How These Rates of Change Affect Business Modeling = 180
  Modeling Business Objects as Data Types = 180
   Individual and Generalized Data Type Abstractions = 181
   Data Model Complexity = 182
  Modeling Data Types as Entities on an Entity / Relationship Diagram(E／RD) = 182
   Entities and Relationship Symbols used to Model Data Types = 183
   Entity Type Descriptions = 185
   Creating Entity Type Description = 186
   Subject Areas = 187
   Basic Formats of Entity / Relationship Diagrams = 193
   Components of Entity / Relationship Diagrams = 194
   Summary of the Text Entity / Relationship(E／R) Modeling Method = 201
  Design Dictionary Recording Method = 202
  Example Entity / Relationship Diagram for an Employment System = 205
   Level-0 Entity / Relationship Diagram(EMPLY) = 205
   Level-1 Entity / Relationship Diagram(EMPLY01) = 207
   Level-2 Entity / Relationship Diagram(EMPLY0101) = 208
   Cardinality Relationship = 208
   Explosion Paths on Entity / Relationship Diagram(E／RDs) = 210
   Design Dictionary Specifications for Entity / Relationship Diagrams = 212
   Entity / Relationship Modeling Method and the Logical Design Phase = 222
  Data Modeling for the National Golf & Tennis(NG&T) Project = 223
   National Golf & Tennis Entity / Relationship Diagrams = 224
   National Gold & Tennis Dictionary E／RD Entries = 228
   National Gold & Tennis E／RD Tree Format = 238
   Maintaining Dictionary Entries = 238
  Computer-Aided Data Modeling Methods and Documentation = 240
   Using Entity / Relationship Diagram at the Start of System Projects = 242
   Using Entity / Relationship Diagram During Joint Application Design (JAD) Sessions = 243
  Review = 244
  Questions = 244
  Exercises = 247
  Selected References = 247
 CHAPTER 6 Analyzing the Problem Using Business Process Modeling = 248
  Overview = 248
  Key Terms = 249
  Modeling Business Processes = 250
   Data Flow Diagram(DFD) Modeling Method = 241
   Example Data Flow Diagram for an Employment System = 258
   The Relationships Among Entity / Relationship Diagram (E／RDs), Data Structures, and Data Flow Diagrams = 268
  Process Modeling for the National Golf & Tennis(NG&T) Project = 271
   National Golf & Tennis DFD Explosion Levels = 277
   Balanced Inputs and Output on National Gold & Tennis DFDs = 277
   VALIDATE ORDERS Process Explosion data Flow Diagram = 279
  National Golf & Tennis Analysis and Review of Study Results = 283
   Present Analysis Results and Make Recommendations = 283
   Conduct a Formal Review of Analysis Results = 285
   Results of National Golf & Tennis Analysis and Review = 289
  Computer-Aided Process Modeling During Systems Analysis = 291
   Using Data Flow Diagrams During Joint Application Design(JAD) Sessions = 292
  Review = 292
  Questions = 293
  Exercises = 295
  Selected References = 296
PART III LOGICAL AND PHYSICAL DESIGN = 297
 CHAPTER 7 Prototyping and the User Interface = 298
  Overview = 298
  Key Terms = 299
  Uses of Prototyping = 300
   Entity / Relationship Diagram(E／RDs), Data Flow Diagrams(DFSs), and Prototype Specifications = 301
   Observations on Prototyping = 304
  Prototyping Methods = 305
   Data Entry, Inquiry, Update, and Report Screen Formats = 305
   Menu Screens = 306
   The Graphical User Interface(GUI) = 308
   Overview Data Flow Diagrams(DFDs) Used During Prototyping = 309
   Graphic Diagrams of Business Functions = 310
   Making a Prototype Operational = 311
  Designing the Input and Output Interfaces = 314
   Designing Output = 315
   Designing Input = 318
  Prototyping for the National Golf & Tennis(NG&T) Application = 323
   Prototype Creation for the GTOP00 Level-1 E／RD = 326
   Prototype Creation for the GTOP00 and GTOP0005 DFDs = 329
  Closing Remarks on Prototyping Practices = 332
  Computer-Aided Prototyping = 333
   Middle CASE Prototyping = 333
   Lower CASE Prototyping = 334
   Integrating Middle and Low CASE Prototyping = 335
   CASE and Graphical User Interface(GUI) Application Prototyping = 335
   Rapid Application Development(RAD) = 336
   Prototyping in Joint Application Design(JAD) Sessions = 338
  Review = 339
  Questions = 340
  Exercises = 340
  Selected References = 341
 CHAPTER 8 Logical Business and Information System Design = 342
  Overview = 342
  Key Terms = 343
  Integrating Information Systems(IS) with Other Corporate Functions = 344
  Identifying and Refining User Requirements = 347
   Developing the Logical Business Design = 350
   Evaluation of Aggregated Analysis Data = 350
   Logical and Physical Data Flow Diagrams(DFDs) = 351
   Modifying Entity / Relationship Diagrams(E／RDs) at National Golf & Tennis = 352
   Modifying Data Flow Diagrams(DFDs) at National Golf & Tennis = 360
   The Influence of the Prototype on Other Requirements = 370
   Changing Prototype Specifications = 370
  Review of the Logical Design = 371
   Formal Review = 371
   National Golf & Tennis Logical Design Formal Review = 372
  Computer-Aided Logical Design = 378
   Joint Application Design(JAD) Sessions for the Logical Design = 379
  Review = 380
  Questions = 380
  Exercises = 382
  Selected References = 383
 CHAPTER 9 Physical Design Criteria Using Procedure Modeling Methods = 384
  Overview = 384
  Key Terms = 385
  Principles of Good Physical Design = 386
  Physical Design Modeling Methods = 387
   Structure Charts = 387
  Converting Logical Business Design Data Flow Diagrams(DFDs) into Physical Design Structure Charts(STCs) = 393
   Identifying Data Flow Diagrams to Convert To Structure Charts = 394
   Identifying the Boss Module = 395
   Transform / Transaction Analysis = 406
   Converting the GTOP0001 Data Flow Diagram into a Structure Chart = 411
   Converting the GTOP000101 Data Flow Diagram into a Structure Chart = 420
   Goals in Refining the Structure Chart = 430
   The Refined GTOP0001 Structure Chart = 433
   The Refined GTOP000101 Structure Chart = 439
   Summary of Structure Chart Creation Guidelines = 440
  Physical Design Dictionary Entries = 441
  Physical Design Program Specifications and Boundaries = 450
   Identifying and Creating Program Requirements = 450
  Formal Review = 452
  Computer-Aided Physical Design = 452
   Prototyping the Physical Design Using CASE Systems = 453
   Information Systems Re-engineering = 454
  Review = 455
  Questions = 455
  Exercises = 457
  Selected References = 458
PART IV DATABASE TECHNOLOGIES AND DEVELOPING AND IMPLEMENTING THE PROJECT DESIGN = 459
 CHAPTER 10 Understanding Database Technologies That Influence the Design = 460
  Overview = 460
  Key Terms = 461
  Structure of the Database = 463
   The Database Schema = 464
  Database Administration = 468
   Creation of the Schema = 469
   Modification of the Schema = 471
   Managing the Database Management System(DBMS) and Performing Configuration analysis = 472
   The Analyst's Role in Database Administration = 475
  Database Management Systems = 475
   Database Management System Models = 475
   Data Dictionaries = 480
   database Management System Functions = 481
  Usage of the Database = 484
   Data Manipulation commands(DMCs) and Command Languages = 485
   On-Line Access to the Database = 487
   Interfacing Computer Systems to the Database = 487
   Program Execution in an Client-Server Architecture = 488
   Relation Logical and Physical Data Structures = 489
   Accessing Data from Multiple Database Management Systems = 494
  Database Design and Normalization of Database File Formats = 495
   Normal Forms = 499
  Object-Oriented Database Design = 508
   Semantic Object Categories = 509
   Normalized Database Design Using Object-Oriented Database Design = 512
  Normalization as a Design Issue = 528
   Summary of Database Design Criteria = 528
  Review = 529
  Questions = 530
  Exercises = 533
  Selected References = 534
 CHAPTER 11 System Development : Implementing the Physical Design = 536
  Overview = 536
  Key Terms = 537
  Project Supervision = 539
   Assigning and scheduling Program Creation = 539
  Creating Maintainable Systems and Documentation = 541
   Developing Maintainable Programs = 543
   Developing systems Program Procedures = 546
   Developing communication Program Procedures = 547
  Technical Characteristics and Categories of systems = 550
   Batch and Random Access Processing Systems = 550
   Interactive Systems = 552
   Real-Time Systems = 554
   Remote Job Entry Systems = 557
   Distributed Systems = 558
   Expert Systems = 559
   Time-Sharing Systems = 560
  Developing Documentation = 561
   Design / Development Documentation = 562
   User Documentation = 563
   Operations Documentation = 564
   Training Documentation = 565
  Preparation for System Implementation = 565
   Converting Existing software and Data Formats = 566
   Hardware and Software Acquisitions = 566
   Database Modification and Creation = 567
  Error Prevention and Crash Recovery Provisions = 568
   Error Prevention Methods = 568
   Error Recovery Routines = 572
  Technologies Supporting Fast Systems Development = 574
   Fourth Generation Languages(4GLs) = 575
   Natural Language Programming(NLP) = 576
   Object-Oriented Programming(OOP) = 577
   Standard System Architecture = 578
   Open Systems Architecture = 581
   Client-Server Application Development = 581
   Rehosting Computer Architectures = 582
  Computer-Aided System Development = 582
   Programmer Workbenches = 584
   Code Generators = 586
   Application Generators = 587
   Low CASE(Fifth Generation Application Development Systems) = 588
   Computer-Aided Software Engineering and Fourth Generation Languages = 590
   Computed-Aided Software Engineering and Object-Oriented Programming Languages = 591
   Computed-Aided Software Engineering and Graphical User Interface Application Generation = 591
   Computed-Aided software Engineering and Cross System Architecture Development = 591
   Computed-Aided software Engineering and Client-Server Application Generation = 592
  Review = 593
  Questions = 594
  Exercises = 596
  Selected References = 597
 CHAPTER 12 File Organization and System Testing = 598
  Overview = 598
  Key Terms = 599
  File Organization and Access Methods = 600
   File Organization Methods = 600
   file Access Methods = 603
   File Organization and Access Methods as a Basis for Testing = 605
  Levels of Testing = 606
   Influence of Structure Charts on Testing = 607
  Testing Procedures = 607
   The Black-Box Approach = 608
   The White-Box Approach = 609
   Program Testing = 609
   Debugging Aids = 610
  System Testing = 612
   Objectives and Scope of Integration testing = 612
   Special Types of System Tests = 612
   Acceptance Testing = 614
  Designing Test Data = 615
  Automating the Testing Process = 616
  Testing at National Golf & Tennis(NG&T) = 618
  Review = 622
  Questions = 623
  Exercises = 625
  Selected References = 625
 CHAPTER 13 Training, Implementation, and Formal Review = 626
  Overview = 626
  Key Terms = 627
  Training = 628
   Training Effectiveness = 629
   Training Plan = 631
  Training at National Golf and Tennis(NG&T) = 634
   General Topics = 634
   Training for Point-of-Sale(POS) Terminal Users = 634
   Administrative Users = 635
  Conversion = 635
   Data Conversion = 637
   Program Conversion = 639
   Business Practices Conversion = 639
   Reusable Code = 641
  Changeover = 643
   Crash changeover = 644
   Pilot changeover = 644
   Phased changeover = 645
   Parallel changeover = 645
   Deciding on an changeover Strategy = 646
  Formal Acceptance = 646
   User Point of View = 646
   Information Systems Department Point of View = 649
  Computer-Aided Support for System Implementation = 649
   Repository Support = 649
   Computer-Aided Software Engineering and the Formal Review = 655
  Review = 656
  Questions = 657
  Exercises = 658
PART V JUSTIFYING AND MANAGING ANALYSIS AND DESIGN PROJECTS = 659
 CHAPTER 14 Justifying the Project = 660
  Overview = 660
  Key Terms = 661
  Major Areas of Feasibility = 662
   Operational Feasibility = 662
   Timing Feasibility = 662
   Technical Feasibility = 663
   Legal Feasibility = 663
   Organizational Feasibility = 663
   Economic Feasibility = 666
  Classifications of Costs and Benefits = 667
   Fixed Versus Variable Costs or Benefits = 667
   Tangible Versus Intangible Costs or Benefits = 668
   Direct Versus Indirect Costs or Benefits = 668
   Classifying Cost and Benefit Categories = 668
  Cost / Benefit Analysis = 669
   Pay-Back Analysis = 670
   break-Even Analysis = 671
   Real Value Monetary Costs = 673
   Present Value Analysis = 675
   Net Present Value Analysis = 677
   Additional Financial Consideration Examples = 677
  Establishing Criteria for Performing Cost / Benefit Analysis = 679
  Computer-Aided Cost Estimation = 681
  Cost Justification at National Golf & Tennis (NG&T) = 683
  Review = 687
  Questions = 688
  Exercises = 689
  Selected References = 689
 CHAPTER 15 Project Management = 690
  Overview = 690
  Key Terms = 691
  Project Planning and Control = 691
   Defining Tasks = 692
   Creating the Network = 693
   Estimating Duration of Time for Tasks = 693
   Deriving a Project Schedule = 693
   Monitoring Resource Availability = 694
   Estimating Unit Cost of Resources = 694
   Estimating Resource Usage for Task Completion = 694
   Estimating Duration and Cost of the Entire Project = 695
   Monitoring and Controlling the Project = 695
  Project Management Methods = 695
   Critical Path Methods(CPM) = 695
   Time Estimation = 700
   Gantt Charts = 702
   Milestone Charts = 703
   Time and Cost Trade-offs = 704
  Factors in Time and Cost Estimation = 705
   Complexity of the Task = 706
   Time Needed for Each Phase = 706
   Capability of Personnel = 707
  Computer-Aided Project Management = 708
   Reasons for Using Project Management Software = 708
  Project Management at National Golf & Tennis(NG&T) = 709
  Review = 709
  Questions = 715
  Exercises = 716
  Selected References = 716
PART VI MAINTAINING AND SECURING THE SYSTEM = 717
 CHAPTER 16 Post-Implementation Review and Maintenance = 718
  Overview = 718
  Key Terms = 719
  Post-Implementation Review = 719
   Assessing the Benefits = 720
   Investigating Problems Requiring Enhancement and Modification = 720
   Assessing Timely Completion = 722
   Determining Transferable Lessons = 722
   Assessing the Quality of a Project and the Resultant System = 723
  FactorS in Maintenance = 723
   Maintaining Legacy Systems = 724
   External and Internal Influences on Maintenance = 725
   Evolution of Software = 726
   Maintenance of Design and Systems = 726
  Types of Maintenance = 728
   Ongoing Maintenance = 728
   Maintenance Categories = 729
   Maintenance Tools and Methods = 737
  Managing Maintenance = 738
   Building in Maintenance = 738
   Staffing and Training for Maintenance = 739
   Maintenance Planning = 741
   Retesting and Validation = 741
  Maintenance Activities = 742
   Application Types = 742
   Age, Size, and Complexity of the System = 742
   System Dependence = 743
   Documentation and Maintenance = 743
   Managing User Requests = 744
  Maintaining the Business and System Models = 745
  Computer-Aided Maintenance = 747
  Maintaining the Business and System Models at National Golf & Tennis(NG&T) = 748
  Review = 750
  Questions = 751
  Exercises = 752
  Selected References = 755
 CHAPTER 17 Security and Ethics = 756
  Overview = 756
  Key Terms = 757
  Assessing Security Needs = 757
   Security as an Auditing Function = 758
  Types of Security = 759
   Legal Security = 760
   Operational Security = 762
   Data Security = 765
   User Security = 766
  Security in a Distributed Environment = 767
   Inventory Management = 768
   Security of Transferred Data = 769
  Tracking Security Breaches = 769
  Computer Viruses = 771
   Virus Protection = 771
   Recovery Plan = 772
  Security in a CASE Environment = 772
  Ethics = 773
   Ethical Considerations = 773
   What Are Ethics(Models)? = 774
   The Good and Bad Influences of Computer Technology = 775
   How Technology Obscures Ethical Behavior = 776
   Ethics in the Organization = 776
   Codes of Ethics in Professional Organizations = 777
   Areas of Ethical Concern = 777
   Computer Ethics Education = 778
  Security at National Golf & Tennis(NG&T) = 779
  Review = 780
  Questions = 781
  Exercises = 783
  Selected References = 783
PART VII APPENDIXES = 785
 APPENDIX A Database Data Structures = 786
  Link Lists = 787
   Two-Way Link Lists = 788
  Inverted Lists = 789
  Where and When to Use Link and Inverted Lists = 791
 APPENDIX B Structured Programming Rules for COBOL Programs = 793
Index = 796