| 000 | 00703camuuu2002291a 4500 | |
| 001 | 000000231149 | |
| 005 | 19980626102534.0 | |
| 008 | 890728s1989 nyu b 00110 eng d | |
| 020 | ▼a 0306431793 | |
| 040 | ▼a 211009 ▼c 211009 | |
| 049 | 1 | ▼l 412681019 |
| 082 | 0 4 | ▼a 155.23 |
| 090 | ▼a 155.23 ▼b K92c | |
| 100 | 1 | ▼a Kreitler, Shulamith. |
| 245 | 1 4 | ▼a The cognitive foundations of personality traits / ▼c Shulamith Kreitler and Hans Kreitler. |
| 260 | ▼a New York : ▼b Plenum Pr., ▼c 1989. | |
| 300 | ▼a xv, 405 p. ; ▼c 26 cm. | |
| 440 | 0 | ▼a Emotions, personality, and psychotherapy. |
| 504 | ▼a Includes bibliographical references. | |
| 650 | 0 | ▼a Personality and cognition. |
| 700 | 1 0 | ▼a Kreitler, Hans. |
Holdings Information
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. 1 | Location Centennial Digital Library/Stacks(Preservation8)/ | Call Number 155.23 K92c | Accession No. 412681019 (3회 대출) | Availability Available | Due Date | Make a Reservation | Service |
Contents information
Book Introduction
Hardly anything in psychology is as irking as the trait concept. Psychologists and laypersons alike use primarily adjective trait-names to characterize and even concep tualize the individuals they encounter. There are more than a hundred well-defined personality traits and a great many questionnaires for their assessment, some of which are designed to assess the same or very similar traits. Little is known about their ontogenetic development and even less about their underlying dynamics. Psy choanalytic theory was invoked for explaining the psychodynamics underlying a few personality traits without, however, presenting sufficient empirical evidence for the validity of these interpretations. In a reductionistic vein, behaviorally inclined psy chologists have propounded the thesis that all traits are acquired behaviors. Yet, this view neither reduces the number of personality tests nor explains the resistance of traits to modification by means of reward and punishment. Dissatisfied with these and some other less well-known approaches to person ality traits, we decided to explore whether applying our psychosemantic theory of cognition to the trait concept would do better. The way we had to follow was anything but easy.
Hardly anything in psychology is as irking as the trait concept. Psychologists and laypersons alike use primarily adjective trait-names to characterize and even concep tualize the individuals they encounter. There are more than a hundred well-defined personality traits and a great many questionnaires for their assessment, some of which are designed to assess the same or very similar traits. Little is known about their ontogenetic development and even less about their underlying dynamics. Psy choanalytic theory was invoked for explaining the psychodynamics underlying a few personality traits without, however, presenting sufficient empirical evidence for the validity of these interpretations. In a reductionistic vein, behaviorally inclined psy chologists have propounded the thesis that all traits are acquired behaviors. Yet, this view neither reduces the number of personality tests nor explains the resistance of traits to modification by means of reward and punishment. Dissatisfied with these and some other less well-known approaches to person ality traits, we decided to explore whether applying our psychosemantic theory of cognition to the trait concept would do better. The way we had to follow was anything but easy.
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Table of Contents
CONTENTS I. THE TRAIT CONCEPT = 1 1. Traits: The Embattled Concept = 3 Doing Something about Traits = 3 Traits in Personality = 4 Traits in the Quagmire = 5 The Eight Questions = 13 2. Toward a Solution = 15 The Underlying Level = 15 The Meaning System = 17 Basic Assumptions = 17 Derivation of the Meaning System = 18 The Meaning Variables = 19 Meaning Dimensions = 19 Types of Relation = 26 Forms of Relation = 29 Shifts in Referents = 29 A Brief Interim Summary = 31 The Meaning Profile = 32 Zigzagging toward a Hypothesis = 34 Active and Passive Mastery of Meaning Variables = 34 Preferred Meaning Variables = 35 On the Track of Function = 36 Some Assumptions and the Hypotheses = 38 3. The Trait and Its Constituents = 41 The Major Finding = 41 Meaning-Assignment Tendencies = 42 Manifestations of Meaning-Assignment Tendencies = 43 Meaning Preferences and Beliefs = 46 Behavioral Manifestations of Meaning Preferences = 49 4. Trait Dynamics = 61 Meaning Assignment = 61 Interaction within the Trait Pattern = 62 Substitution = 65 Structural Impacts = 66 The Preservation of Reality Testing = 67 A Glimpse of the Interaction between Traits = 69 Traits and Behavior = 69 Trait Dynamics and Interactions: A Brief Summary = 71 5. Characteristics of the Trait Pattern = 73 The Uses of Trait Characteristics = 73 The Seven Trait Characteristics = 73 1. Specificity = 74 2. Two Levels of Generality = 74 3. Structure = 76 4. Meaning Variables of Different Kinds and Their Proportions in the Pattern = 79 5. Positive and Negative Components = 81 6. Number of Meaning Variables in the Pattern = 86 7. Coherence = 87 Concluding Remarks and an Extended Trait Definition = 88 6. A Methodological Interlude = 91 Purpose = 91 Testing for Biases = 91 Question 1: Is There a Bias Pro or Contra Any Particular Meaning Variable? = 92 Question 2: Did the Characteristics of the Meaning System Bias the Distribution of the Meaning Variables in the Trait Patterns? = 92 Question 3: Was There Any Bias in the Chances of Any Grouping of Meaning Variables to Be Included in the Trait Patterns? = 93 Some General Conclusions = 96 7. The Answers: A Summary of Contributions = 99 Answering the Questions = 99 Question 1. What Is a Trait and What Is the Epistemological and Existential Status of the Trait Concept? = 99 Question 2. What Are the Typical Manifestations of Traits? = 101 Question 3. What Are the Similarities or Differences between Traits as Well as between Traits and Related Concepts? = 103 Question 4. What Are the Attributes of Traits? = 105 Question 5. Are There Different Kinds of Traits? = 105 Question 6. What Is the Structure of Traits? = 107 Question 7. How Do Traits Function? = 108 Question 8. What Is the Relation of Traits and Behavior? = 110 8. Traits and Human Behavior = 111 A Systems Approach = 111 T he Cognitive Orientation Theory = 112 Traits and Behavior Evocation = 118 The Issue of Behavioral Consistency = 120 Beyond the Trait-Behavior Relation: The Importance of a Trait Concept = 122 II. STUDIES ON TRAITS = 125 9. Studies on Traits = 127 Goals of the Studies = 127 Order of Presentation = 129 General Guiding Principles = 129 The Studied Traits = 130 Some Features of Method Common to the Studies = 131 On the Track of Manifestations of Meaning Variables = 132 Notes on Interactions = 135 Study 1. Extroversion in Questionnaire and Meaning = 136 Study 2. The Meaning Patterns of the California Psychological Inventory = 144 Study 3. Meaning and Machiavellianism = 169 Study 4. Need for Power and Some More Machiavellianism = 173 Study 5. The Functionality of Machiavellians = 178 Study 6. Cattell's Personality Factors as Patterns of Meaning Variables = 180 Study 7. Different Kinds of Meaning Variables in Jungian Types = 202 Study 8. Meaning and the Constellation of Approval Motive, Ego Strength, and Anality = 207 Study 9. Cleanliness and Order = 213 Part A: The Patterns of Meaning Variables = 213 Part B: Preferences for Specific Meaning Values = 216 Study 10. Hypochondriasis, Avarice, and Impulsivity = 218 Study 11. The General Meaning Pattern of External-Internal Control = 223 Study 12. The Meaning Patterns of Specific Subtypes of External and Internal Control = 227 Part A: Defining Four Clusters of Externality and Internality = 227 Part B: Testing the Four Clusters of Externality and Internality = 230 Study 13. You Don't Have to Be Dogmatic to Be Authoritarian = 231 Study 14. Meanings of Cognitive and Motor Activities = 237 Study 15. The Different Meaning Patterns of Sensation Seeking = 246 Study 16. Meaningful Choices of Subtypes of Sensation Seekers = 253 Study 17. The Meaning Patterns of Sex-Role Conceptions (Bem Scale) = 256 Study 18. The Three Meaningful Faces of Intolerance of Ambiguity = 260 Study 19. The Three Clusters of Intolerance of Ambiguity = 264 Study 20. The Meaning Profiles of Leadership Styles = 268 Study 21. Meaning and the Eye of the Beholder = 272 Study 22. Traits in Interaction = 283 III. HOW TO WORK WITH THE NEW TRAIT CONCEPT = 289 10. Assessment of Personality Traits = 291 Assessing All Traits by Means of the Meaning Questionnaire = 291 The Procedure of Assessing Personality Traits by Means of the Meaning Questionnaire = 291 Antitraits = 297 Validation = 298 Advantages of the Meaning-Based Trait Scores = 300 11. Identifying Personality Traits = 303 Importance of Identifying Traits = 303 The Procedure for Identifying Traits = 303 The Case of the MMPI: An Example of Applying the Procedure = 305 The Case of the PRF = 310 Other Applications of the Method for Identifying Traits = 310 12. Characterizing Trait Scales and Factors = 317 Identifying the General Class of Traits = 317 Comparing Traits = 321 Characterizing Factors = 323 13. Meaning-Based Validation of Personality Traits = 325 Traits and Manifestations = 325 Validating by Meaning = 325 The Procedure of Meaning-Based Validation = 327 Meaning-Based Validation and Other Validation Methods = 328 Validation as a Continuing Process = 328 Postscript = 331 Appendixes = 333 Appendix A. The Meaning Variables: List and Code = 335 Appendix B. Summary of Manifestations of Meaning Variables = 339 Appendix C. General Instructions for Coding the Meaning Questionnaire = 371 References = 375 Index = 395